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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 1208-1219.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51083

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

绿肥配施化学氮肥对西北干旱灌区小麦干物质积累及产量形成的影响

侯思宇(), 王国璀, 韦金贵, 谢玮欣, 殷文, 樊志龙, 柴强*(), 胡发龙*()   

  1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2026-04-12 网络出版日期:2025-11-27
  • 通讯作者: *柴强, E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; 胡发龙, E-mail: hufl@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: housiyu0913@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1700204);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12);甘肃陇原青年英才项目(LYYC-2025-05);甘肃省2025年研究生“创新之星”项目(2025CXZX-762)

Effects of green manure combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and yield formation of wheat in arid irrigation areas of northwestern China

Hou Si-Yu(), Wang Guo-Cui, Wei Jin-Gui, Xie Wei-Xin, Yin Wen, Fan Zhi-Long, Chai Qiang*(), Hu Fa-Long*()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-09-28 Accepted:2025-11-18 Published:2026-04-12 Published online:2025-11-27
  • Contact: *E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn; E-mail: hufl@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1700204);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);Gansu Longyuan Youth Talent Project(LYYC-2025-05);“Innovation Star” Program of Graduate Students in 2025 of Gansu Province(2025CXZX-762)

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摘要：

针对西北干旱灌区适宜小麦高效生产的绿肥配置技术缺乏、小麦高产潜力挖掘不足等问题, 通过开展绿肥配施化学氮肥对小麦干物质积累、转运分配及产量形成的影响研究, 以期为小麦高产探寻适宜的绿肥配置技术。2022—2024年, 采用二因素随机区组设计, 以小麦为研究对象, 设不施化学氮肥(N0)和施用180 kg hm-2化学氮肥(N1) 2个施氮水平, 麦后夏休闲(G0)、绿肥还田15,000 kg hm-2 (G1)、绿肥还田30,000 kg hm-2 (G2)、绿肥还田45,000 kg hm-2 (G3) 4个还田量水平。结果表明, 绿肥和化学氮肥均显著提高了小麦产量和收获指数, 且绿肥强化了化学氮肥的增产效应。与N0相比, N1处理下的小麦籽粒产量、生物产量和收获指数分别提高23.0%、11.8%和10.4%; 与G0相比, G1、G2和G3处理下的籽粒产量分别提高22.2%、32.5%和35.5%, 生物产量分别提高14.4%、18.5%和20.0%, 收获指数分别提高7.2%、12.1%和13.4%。此外, 与N1G0相比, N1G1、N1G2和N1G3籽粒产量分别提高15.4%、27.0%和24.0%, 生物产量分别提高8.8%、11.6%和11.2%, 收获指数分别提高6.1%、13.8%和11.4%, 以N1G2处理增产效应最显著。绿肥和化学氮肥均可提高小麦干物质积累速率、促进干物质花前转运和花后积累、提高成熟期干物质在籽粒中的分配量, 且绿肥强化了化学氮肥促进干物质积累和转运分配效应, 以绿肥还田30,000 kg hm-2效果最佳。与N1G0相比, N1G2小麦苗期至拔节期、拔节期至花期、花期至成熟期干物质积累速率分别提高7.9%、11.1%和8.0%, 干物质最大增长速率和全生育期平均增长速率分别提高10.4%和11.5%, 花后积累量和花后积累贡献率分别提高40.0%和10.2%, 成熟期籽粒干物质及其占比分别增加27.0%和14.0%。在西北干旱灌区, 30,000 kg hm-2毛叶苕子配施180 kg hm-2化学氮肥能促进小麦干物质积累及转运分配, 是该区小麦高产栽培的可行措施。

关键词: 绿肥, 小麦, 产量, 干物质积累, 转运分配, 氮肥替代潜力

Abstract:

To address the lack of suitable green manure application techniques for efficient wheat production and the underutilized yield potential in the arid irrigated regions of Northwest China, this study examined the effects of green manure combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer on wheat dry matter accumulation, translocation, distribution, and yield formation. The objective was to identify optimal green manure management strategies for high-yield wheat cultivation. From 2022 to 2024, a two-factor randomized block design was implemented with wheat as the experimental crop. Treatments included two nitrogen levels: no chemical nitrogen fertilizer (N0) and 180 kg hm-2 of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (N1), and four green manure treatments: fallow after wheat harvest (G0) and incorporation of green manure at 15,000 kg hm-2 (G1), 30,000 kg hm-2 (G2), and 45,000 kg hm-2 (G3). Results showed that both green manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved wheat yield and harvest index, with green manure enhancing the yield-increasing effect of nitrogen fertilizer. Compared to N0, N1 increased grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 23.0%, 11.8%, and 10.4%, respectively. Compared to G0, G1, G2, and G3 increased grain yield by 22.2%, 32.5%, and 35.5%; biological yield by 14.4%, 18.5%, and 20.0%; and harvest index by 7.2%, 12.1%, and 13.4%, respectively. Furthermore, N1G1, N1G2, and N1G3 increased grain yield by 15.4%, 27.0%, and 24.0%; biological yield by 8.8%, 11.6%, and 11.2%; and harvest index by 6.1%, 13.8%, and 11.4%, respectively, compared with N1G0, with the highest yield observed in N1G2. Both green manure and nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the rate of dry matter accumulation, pre-anthesis translocation, and post-anthesis accumulation, as well as dry matter distribution to grains at maturity. Green manure reinforced the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter dynamics, with the most notable improvements observed at the 30,000 kg hm-2 incorporation rate. Compared to N1G0, N1G2 increased dry matter accumulation rates during the seedling to jointing, jointing to flowering, and flowering to maturity stages by 7.9%, 11.1%, and 8.0%, respectively. The maximum and average dry matter growth rates throughout the growing season increased by 10.4% and 11.5%, respectively. Post-anthesis accumulation and its contribution to total dry matter increased by 40.0% and 10.2%, while grain dry matter at maturity and its proportion increased by 27.0% and 14.0%, respectively. The application of green manure at 30,000 kg hm-2 combined with 180 kg hm-2 of chemical nitrogen fertilizer effectively promoted dry matter accumulation and translocation, making it a promising practice for achieving high wheat yields in the irrigated areas of Northwest China.

Key words: green manure, wheat, yield, dry matter accumulation, translocation and distribution, nitrogen replace potential

表1

不同处理下小麦产量、收获指数及氮肥替代比例"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量
Grain yield (kg hm-2)		 生物产量
Biological yield (kg hm-2)		 收获指数
Harvest index		 氮肥替代比例
N replace ratio (%)
2022 N1G0 6209 d 15,502 d 0.401 bcd
N1G1 7170 b 17,090 ab 0.420 b
N1G2 7847 a 17,518 a 0.448 a
N1G3 7712 a 17,428 a 0.443 a
N0G0 4705 f 12,928 e 0.364 e
N0G1 5852 e 15,118 d 0.387 d 18.5 b
N0G2 6209 d 15,780 cd 0.393 cd 24.2 b
N0G3 6744 c 16,413 bc 0.411 bc 32.8 a
2023 N1G0 6287 c 15,995 cd 0.393 cd
N1G1 7172 b 17,202 ab 0.417 b
N1G2 7897 a 17,653 a 0.447 a
N1G3 7751 a 17,756 a 0.437 a
N0G0 4481 e 12,457 e 0.361 e
N0G1 5924 d 15,358 d 0.386 d 23.0 b
N0G2 6313 c 16,344 bc 0.386 d 29.1 b
N0G3 6884 b 16,789 bc 0.410 bc 38.2 a
2024 N1G0 6219 d 15,715 d 0.396 de
N1G1 7255 b 17,057 ab 0.425 bc
N1G2 8029 a 17,524 a 0.458 a
N1G3 7735 a 17,323 ab 0.447 ab
N0G0 4382 e 12,648 e 0.346 f
N0G1 6087 d 15,705 d 0.387 e 27.4 b
N0G2 6467 cd 16,153 cd 0.400 de 33.5 ab
N0G3 6913 bc 16,583 bc 0.417 cd 40.7 b
显著性(P) Significance (P-value)
施氮 N application (N) ** ** **
绿肥 Green manure (G) ** ** **
施氮×绿肥 N×G * ** *

图1

不同处理下小麦干物质积累速率动态 处理同表1。N: 施氮; G: 绿肥; N×G: 施氮与绿肥互作。**和*分别代表在P < 0.01和P < 0.05水平差异显著。"

表2

不同处理下小麦干物质积累的Logistic回归方程分析"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 回归方程
Regression equation		 R2 最大增长速率出现时间
Day of maximum growth rate (Tm, d)		 最大增长速率
Maximum increase rate (Vmax, kg hm-2 d-1)		 平均增长速率
Mean increase rate (Vmean, kg hm-2 d-1)
2022 N1G0 Y = 15743/ (1+e6.414-0.097t) 0.997 65.89 bc 383.24 b 169.60 cd
N1G1 Y = 16950/ (1+e6.408-0.096t) 0.998 66.53 ab 408.16 ab 182.40 ab
N1G2 Y = 17505/ (1+e6.425-0.097t) 0.997 67.18 a 422.80 a 188.15 a
N1G3 Y = 17746/ (1+e6.348-0.095t) 0.997 66.59 ab 422.85 a 190.84 a
N0G0 Y = 12154/ (1+e7.474-0.095t) 0.995 65.54 c 346.67 c 132.07 e
N0G1 Y = 15122/ (1+e6.842-0.103t) 0.996 66.63 ab 388.49 b 163.71 d
N0G2 Y = 15639/ (1+e6.619-0.100t) 0.996 66.19 abc 390.96 b 169.15 cd
N0G3 Y = 16521/ (1+e6.452-0.097t) 0.997 66.77 ab 398.84 ab 177.96 bc
2023 N1G0 Y = 15736/ (1+e6.389-0.097t) 0.997 65.88 ab 381.32 d 169.19 cd
N1G1 Y = 16917/ (1+e6.374-0.097t) 0.998 65.94 ab 408.78 abc 181.78 ab
N1G2 Y = 17861/ (1+e6.354-0.095t) 0.998 66.67 a 425.55 a 191.43 a
N1G3 Y = 17650/ (1+e6.287-0.095t) 0.998 66.41 ab 417.86 ab 189.30 a
N0G0 Y = 11871/ (1+e7.560-0.116t) 0.995 65.40 b 342.98 e 128.71 e
N0G1 Y = 15395/ (1+e6.691-0.100t) 0.997 66.92 a 384.81 d 165.98 d
N0G2 Y = 16150/ (1+e6.542-0.098t) 0.997 66.76 a 395.90 cd 173.92 bcd
N0G3 Y = 16782/ (1+e6.436-0.096t) 0.997 66.83 a 403.85 bc 180.26 abc
2024 N1G0 Y = 16063/ (1+e6.336-0.096t) 0.997 66.03 ab 385.10 c 171.93 b
N1G1 Y = 17202/ (1+e6.319-0.095t) 0.997 66.53 ab 408.31 ab 183.47 ab
N1G2 Y = 17780/ (1+e6.312-0.095t) 0.998 66.68 ab 420.77 a 189.99 a
N1G3 Y = 17759/ (1+e6.206-0.093t) 0.998 66.73 ab 412.90 a 189.63 a
N0G0 Y = 12189/ (1+e7.631-0.117t) 0.995 65.42 b 355.50 d 132.77 c
N0G1 Y = 16011/ (1+e6.548-0.098t) 0.997 67.04 a 390.97 bc 171.97 b
N0G2 Y = 16364/ (1+e6.453-0.096t) 0.997 66.99 a 394.17 bc 175.76 b
N0G3 Y = 16785/ (1+e6.267-0.094t) 0.997 66.67 ab 394.51 bc 181.59 ab
显著性(P) Significance (P-value)
施氮 N application (N) NS ** **
绿肥 Green manure (G) ** ** **
施氮×绿肥 (N×G) NS * **

表3

不同处理下小麦开花前后干物质转运及对籽粒干物质的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 花前转运量
DMR (kg hm-2)		 花前转运率
DMRE (%)		 花前转运贡献率
DMRCG (%)		 花后积累量
DMA (kg hm-2)		 花后积累贡献率
DMACG (%)
2022 N1G0 1988.3 bc 25.1 ab 32.0 b 4220.4 cd 68.0 d
N1G1 2118.3 a 25.5 a 29.6 c 5051.2 b 70.4 c
N1G2 2046.7 ab 25.4 a 26.1 e 5800.4 a 73.9 a
N1G3 2038.3 ab 24.9 ab 26.4 de 5673.6 a 73.6 ab
N0G0 1755.0 e 26.1 a 37.3 a 2949.8 e 62.7 e
2022 N0G1 1840.0 de 23.6 bc 31.5 b 4012.2 d 68.5 d
N0G2 1820.0 de 23.0 c 29.3 c 4389.3 c 70.7 c
N0G3 1893.3 cd 22.9 c 28.1 cd 4850.4 b 71.9 bc
2023 N1G0 2061.2 b 26.2 ab 32.8 b 4225.5 cd 67.2 e
N1G1 2255.9 a 27.3 a 31.5 bc 4916.1 b 68.5 de
N1G2 2015.7 b 25.2 bc 25.5 f 5881.6 a 74.5 a
N1G3 2009.5 b 23.9 cd 25.9 f 5741.9 a 74.1 a
N0G0 1744.2 e 26.4 ab 38.9 a 2737.0 e 61.1 f
N0G1 1789.0 de 22.3 e 30.2 cd 4135.1 d 69.8 cd
N0G2 1871.6 cd 22.5 e 29.7 d 4441.4 c 70.3 c
N0G3 1907.2 c 23.4 de 27.7 e 4976.8 b 72.3 b
2024 N1G0 1987.9 ab 24.6 a 32.0 b 4231.3 c 68.0 e
N1G1 2111.9 a 24.6 a 29.1 cd 5143.5 b 70.9 cd
N1G2 1970.5 b 23.9 ab 24.5 f 6058.5 a 75.5 a
N1G3 2015.7 ab 23.5 ab 26.1 e 5719.6 a 73.9 b
N0G0 1567.4 c 23.0 b 35.8 a 2814.2 d 64.2 f
N0G1 1894.2 b 22.8 b 31.1 b 4193.2 c 68.9 e
N0G2 1900.5 b 23.1 b 29.4 c 4567.0 c 70.6 d
N0G3 1934.0 b 22.9 b 28.0 d 4979.3 b 72.0 c
显著性(P) Significance (P-value)
施氮 N application (N) ** ** ** ** **
绿肥 Green manure (G) ** ** ** ** **
施氮×绿肥 (N×G) ** ** ** * **

图2

不同处理下小麦成熟期干物质分配及占比 处理同表1。N: 施氮; G: 绿肥; N×G: 施氮与绿肥互作。图中不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。**和*分别代表在P < 0.01和P < 0.05水平差异显著; NS: 无显著差异。"

图3

小麦干物质积累、转运分配特征与籽粒产量间的关系 处理同表1。图A: Mantel 检验; 图B: 产量及干物质积累性能的综合评估。GY、BY、HI、Vmax、Vmean、DMR、DMRE、DMRCG、DMA、DMACG、PGDM分别表示籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数、最大增长速率、平均增长速率、花前转运量、花前转运率、花前转运贡献率、花后积累量、花后积累贡献率、籽粒干物质分配占比。*、**和***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001概率水平相关性显著。"

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