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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 982-992.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55070

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

直播油菜单产提升的生理基础及实践途径

蒯婕(), 娄洪祥, 谭晓强, 郜耿东, 邵东李, 肖胜男, 赵杰, 徐正华, 王晶, 汪波, 周广生*()   

  1. 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 / 湖北洪山实验室 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-18 接受日期:2026-01-22 出版日期:2026-04-12 网络出版日期:2026-01-26
  • 通讯作者: *周广生, E-mail: zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: kuaijie@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300303);湖北省专项资金(2023HBSTX4-03);湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023BBB028)

Physiological basis and practical strategies for enhancing rapeseed yield under direct seeding

Kuai Jie(), Lou Hong-Xiang, Tan Xiao-Qiang, Gao Geng-Dong, Shao Dong-Li, Xiao Sheng-Nan, Zhao Jie, Xu Zheng-Hua, Wang Jing, Wang Bo, Zhou Guang-Sheng*()   

  1. College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Hongshan Laboratory / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-11-18 Accepted:2026-01-22 Published:2026-04-12 Published online:2026-01-26
  • Contact: *E-mail: zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD2300303);Earmarked Fund of Hubei Province of China(2023HBSTX4-03);Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province of China(2023BBB028)

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摘要：

提高我国食用植物油自给率, 确保食用油供给安全是当前我国油料作物生产面临的重要挑战。油菜是食用油、饲料蛋白的重要来源。2000年以来, 我国油菜生产体系逐步从育苗移栽转向以直播栽培为核心的现代化模式。在这一系统性技术演进下, 我国直播油菜生产技术框架已基本建立, 通过合理密植不仅有效降低了生产成本、提升了生产效能, 也为保障国内食用油供给安全、推动农业可持续发展提供了关键技术支撑。然而, 新模式下仍存在一系列亟待解决的科学与技术问题, 尤其是在高密度种植情境下, 如何协同提升单位面积产量与资源利用效率, 成为当前研究的核心命题, 研究重点正逐渐从宏观栽培体系构建, 转向对“密植”这一关键栽培因子的深入解析, 以揭示其增产增效的内在理论机制及现实限制因素, 为下一步技术突破提供方向指引。本文总结了我国直播油菜发展现状, 提出了直播油菜发展的1.0~4.0阶段; 分析了直播油菜密植增产增效的限制因素, 表现在产量构成因素不协同、个体长势弱, 倒伏严重; 借鉴禾本科作物理想株型研究探讨了直播油菜耐密高产的传统理想株型、智慧株型特征和生理基础, 通过生物量高效累积与分配、茎秆质量与抗倒性提升和根-冠协同提高耐密性; 进一步明确了单产提升实现途径和未来发展方向。未来, 随着功能基因挖掘与技术产品化的不断深入, 油菜生产体系将进一步朝着高产、高效、智能化方向发展。

关键词: 直播油菜, 密植, 高产生理, 限制因素, 实践途径

Abstract:

Enhancing the self-sufficiency rate of edible vegetable oil and ensuring the security of oil supply represent a critical challenge for oilseed production in China. Rapeseed is a vital source of both edible oil and feed protein. Since 2000, China’s rapeseed production system has progressively transitioned from seedling transplantation to a modernized model centered on direct-seeding cultivation. Within this systematic technological evolution, a foundational framework for direct-seeding rapeseed production has been largely established. The adoption of rational close planting has not only effectively reduced production costs and enhanced efficiency but has also provided key technological support for safeguarding domestic edible oil supply and promoting sustainable agricultural development. However, this new model still faces a series of scientific and technical problems requiring urgent resolution. A core research question, particularly under high-density planting conditions, is how to synergistically increase yield per unit area and resource use efficiency. Research focus is gradually shifting from constructing macro-level cultivation systems to a deeper analysis of the key agronomic factor-“close planting”-aiming to elucidate the underlying theoretical mechanisms and practical constraints for yield and efficiency gains, thereby guiding future technological breakthroughs. This paper summarizes the development status of direct-seeding rapeseed in China and proposes a developmental stages framework (Stage 1.0 to 4.0). It analyzes the limiting factors for achieving high yield and efficiency under close planting, which manifest as non-synergistic yield components, weak individual plant growth, and severe lodging. Drawing insights from ideal plant architecture research in cereal crops, the paper discusses traditional and smart ideal plant architecture traits for lodging-tolerant and high-yielding direct-seeding rapeseed, along with their physiological basis, focusing on efficient biomass accumulation and partitioning, improvement of stem strength and lodging resistance, and root-shoot synergy to enhance density tolerance. Pathways for yield improvement and future research directions are further clarified. With ongoing advances in functional gene discovery and technology commercialization, the rapeseed production system is poised to evolve further towards high yield, high efficiency, and intelligentization.

Key words: direct-seeded rapeseed, close planting, high-yield physiology, limited factor, practical approaches

图1

主要粮油作物的理想株型 (A) 水稻; (B) 小麦; (C) 玉米; (D) 大豆; (E) 油菜。图中列出了这5种作物理想株型对应的优良性状。A-D图改编自Li等[29]的研究。"

图2

油菜种子丸粒化流程图 图片参考Tan等[11]并作修改。"

表1

油菜群体壮苗精确调控技术措施(密度: 45万株 hm-2)"

调控时期
Regulatory stage		 调控指标
Regulate indicator		 栽培措施
Cultivation practice		 应用效果
Application effect		 参考文献
Reference
冬至前
Before
overwintering		 群体绿叶数
Green leaf population		 4.05×106-4.95×106
leaves hm-2		 无需追施尿素
No need for urea topdressing		 一类苗占比> 85%
Proportion of grade 1 seedlings exceeded 85%		 —
2.70×106-3.60×106 leaves hm-2 追施尿素75 kg hm-2
Urea topdressing at 75 kg hm-2		 —
1.35×106-2.25×106 leaves hm-2 追施尿素150 kg hm-2
Urea topdressing at 150 kg hm-2		 —
> 5.40×106
leaves hm-2		 无人机喷施15 L hm-2
Drone spray application 15 L hm-2
7.5 g L-1多效唑
7.5 g L-1 Paclobutrazol
2.5 g L-1烯效唑
2.5 g L-1 Uniconazole		 [60-61]
蕾薹初期
(薹高
8-12 cm)
Early
budding stage
(Bolting height of
8-12 cm )		 茎秆质量
Stem quality		 无人机喷施15 L hm-2
Drone spray application 15 L hm-2
4.5 g L-1硅肥溶液
4.5 g L-1 silicon fertilizer solution		 增产6.1%
Yield increased by 6.1%
抗倒性增加8.2%
Lodging resistance increased by 8.2%
抗裂角性增加30.6%
Pod shattering resistance increased by 30.6%		 [7]
追施氯化钾45-75 kg hm-2
Apply KCl at 45-75 kg hm-2		 增产5.2%
Yield increased by 5.2%
抗倒性增加6.5%
Lodging resistance increased by 6.5%
含油量增加0.6%
Oil content increased by 0.6%		 —

图3

直播油菜未来发展方向 发展方向主要包括: (1) 表型与生理性状聚合; (2) 基因组编辑与多组学驱动的精准设计育种; (3) 精准调控网络构建; (4) 基于新技术与产品的智慧农业。"

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