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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 1127-1139.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54118

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 • 上一篇    下一篇

糜子AP2亚家族全基因组鉴定及PmAP2-1和PmAP2-9耐盐功能分析

宋裕祯1(), Bheel Chander Kumar1, 王跃1, 张颖星1, 郭娟1, Khound Rituraj2, Santra Dipak Kumar2, 曹晓宁1,3,4,*(), 王瑞云1,4,*()   

  1. 1山西农业大学农学院, 山西太谷 030801
    2美国内布拉斯加大学林肯分校农艺系小宗粮豆研究与推广中心, 内布拉斯加州斯科茨布拉夫 69361
    3山西农业大学农业基因资源研究中心, 山西太原 030031
    4农业农村部黄土高原作物基因资源与种质创制重点实验室, 山西太原 030031
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28 接受日期:2026-01-22 出版日期:2026-04-12 网络出版日期:2026-02-05
  • 通讯作者: *王瑞云, E-mail: wry925@126.com; 曹晓宁, E-mail: caoxiaoning2008@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: yuzhen_song@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-14.5-A16);山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设(杂粮)专项资金项目(2026CYJSTX03-12);山西省重点研发计划项目(2022ZDYF110)

Genome-wide identification of the AP2 subfamily in broomcorn millet and functional characterization of PmAP2-1 and PmAP2-9 in salt tolerance

Song Yu-Zhen1(), Bheel Chander Kumar1, Wang Yue1, Zhang Ying-Xing1, Guo Juan1, Khound Rituraj2, Santra Dipak Kumar2, Cao Xiao-Ning1,3,4,*(), Wang Rui-Yun1,4,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
    2Panhandle Research & Extension Center, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff 69361, Nebraska, USA
    3Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    4Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement on Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2025-09-28 Accepted:2026-01-22 Published:2026-04-12 Published online:2026-02-05
  • Contact: *E-mail: wry925@126.com; E-mail: caoxiaoning2008@163.com
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-A16);Special Fund for Construction of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of Shanxi Province(2026CYJSTX03-12);Key Research & Development Project of Shanxi Province(2022ZDYF110)

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摘要：

糜子是中国起源的古老粟类, 是华夏农耕文明的载体作物。AP2亚家族成员在调控植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应中起重要作用, 但其在糜子中的成员数量和功能尚不明确。本研究基于糜子基因组数据, 利用生物信息学方法, 全基因组鉴定AP2亚家族成员, 解析其基因结构以及盐胁迫后的基因表达模式。结果表明, 在全基因组水平鉴定到20个PmAP2亚家族成员(PmAP2-1~PmAP2-20), 分布于糜子15条染色体。系统进化分析表明, 全部PmAP2编码蛋白聚为3个亚组(euANT、basalANT和euAP2)。启动子顺式作用元件分析表明, PmAP2亚家族基因参与了植物激素和非生物胁迫响应、生长发育、光信号等过程。物种间共线性分析在糜子与拟南芥和水稻之间分别发现3个和27个共线性对。PmAP2基因的表达存在品种和组织特异性, 且20个成员的表达均受盐胁迫诱导。通过遗传转化, 将来自糜子中的盐胁迫诱导上调表达基因PmAP2-1和PmAP2-9转化至拟南芥并获得稳定遗传转化株系。进一步分析发现, 盐胁迫影响转基因拟南芥的根系生长, 随着盐胁迫浓度的增加根长减少, 在75 mmol L-1和100 mmol L-1重度盐胁迫下, 转基因植株根长与对照相比差异显著。PmAP2-1和PmAP2-9可以为其他粮食作物耐盐性遗传改良提供靶标基因。

关键词: 糜子(Panicum miliaceum L.), AP2, 基因家族, 盐胁迫, 功能分析

Abstract:

Broomcorn millet is an ancient cereal crop that originated in China and plays a foundational role in the development of Chinese agricultural civilization. The AP2 subfamily has been shown to regulate plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses; however, the number and its specific functions in broomcorn millet remain unclear. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of members of the AP2 subfamily in broomcorn millet using bioinformatics approaches based on its genome sequence. Analyses included gene structures and expression patterns under salt stress. A total of 20 PmAP2 subfamily members (PmAP2-1 to PmAP2-20) were identified at the genome-wide level, distributed across 15 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analys is clustered all PmAP2 encoded proteins into three subgroups: euANT, basalANT, and euAP2. Promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that genes of the PmAP2 subfamily are involved in multiple biological processes, including plant hormone and abiotic stress, growth and development, and light responsive. Interspecies synteny analysis identified 3 and 27 syntenic gene pairs between broomcorn millet and Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. Expression profiling indicated that PmAP2 genes exhibit both cultivar and tissue specificity, and the expression of all 20 members was induced by salt stress. PmAP2-1 and PmAP2-9, two salt stress-induced upregulated genes from broomcorn millet, were introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana via genetic transformation, and stably heritable transgenic lines were obtained. Root growth in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was affected by salt stress, with root length decreasing as the NaCl concentration increased. Under severe salt stress of 75 mmol L-1 and 100 mmol L-1 NaCl, the root lengths of transgenic plants showed significant differences compared with the wild type. These findings suggest that PmAP2-1 and PmAP2-9 may serve as potential target genes for the genetic improvement of salt tolerance in other staple crops.

Key words: broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), AP2, gene family, salt stress, functional analysis

表1

试验所用引物"

引物名称
Primer name		 正向引物
Forward sequence (5'-3')		 反向引物
Reverse sequence (5'-3')		 用途
Usage
Pm18S CGTCGCGTCCACCCTTTG GATTTGAAGGTTCCAACTTTG 定量引物
Quantitative primers
qPmAP2-1 CAGAAAGGATGGACAGACA GTAGCAGGACCCCAGTAT
qPmAP2-2 GGATCTCCTCCATGCCGC CCACCACACCGTGATGCT
qPmAP2-3 ACAGGTGGACTGGAAGGT AGCAGGACCCCAGTATTT
qPmAP2-4 CCACGCACATCAACTTCC CCGCTGCTTTTCCTTCTG
qPmAP2-5 CACTTCCACCTGAAATCG GCTTATTGGCTGAGAAACA
qPmAP2-6 CCGCTAGGTTGCTGGTAG GCGAGTCGGCATTGAGAT
qPmAP2-7 GAAGGGCAAGCAAGTTTA AGTTGAGGATGGTGTCGG
qPmAP2-8 GTTGAAAAGGACAAAGGTT TGTAAAGAAGGGGTGAGA
qPmAP2-9 AAGATGGGAGGCAAGAAT CAGGTCGAAGTTGGTGAC
qPmAP2-10 CGCATCTGTGGGACAAGA AGCAGCAAGGTCGTAGGC
qPmAP2-11 CATCTCAGAGTCCGAAAA GTCATAACAGGGAACCGA
qPmAP2-12 TAGATGGACGGGGAGGTA AGCAGCCAAATCATAAGC
qPmAP2-13 GAGGAGATGAAGTCGATGAC CTGAGTGCTGAAAGTGCC
qPmAP2-14 CGGTGTCCAACTACGAGA GTGCCCAAGTACAGGTCC
qPmAP2-15 TACTGGGGTCAAAATACAA GTCTTTCTGCCTTCTCGT
qPmAP2-16 TGGGAACATTCAAAACTG TTATTCTGGCTTCGACAT
qPmAP2-17 TAGATGGACGGGGAGGTA AGCAGCCAAATCATAAGC
qPmAP2-18 GTCCACTCCATCCAACTC GGTAGTCCTGCTGGTCAT
qPmAP2-19 GCAAGGATAGGAAGGGTG GGCTGCAATGTCATAGGC
qPmAP2-20 GCAAGCCAGAGCAGGACA AAACATCGGCGACACCAG
PHB-PmAP2-9 CTCTCTCTCAAGCTTGGATCC
ATGGAGAACTTGCTGATGGTC		 GATCAATTCGAGCTCCTGCAGCTA
TTGCAGAGATGACATGTTG		 同源重组引物
Homologous recombination primers
HPT GGTCGCGGAGGCTATGGATGC GCTTCTGCGGGCGATTTGTGT 抗性鉴定引物
Resistance identification primers

图1

糜子AP2亚家族在染色体上的分布"

表2

糜子AP2亚家族成员的基本信息"

基因名称
Gene name		 基因编号
Gene ID		 氨基酸数量
Number of amino acids		 分子量
Molecular
weight (kD)		 等电点
Isoelectric point		 不稳定指数
Instability
index		 脂溶系数
Aliphatic
index		 亲水性系数
Hydropathicity
index
PmAP2-1 RLN39176.1 610 65.94 6.42 57.74 57.84 -0.569
PmAP2-2 RLN40453.1 642 67.06 6.68 43.56 66.26 -0.360
PmAP2-3 RLN18815.1 618 66.67 6.31 52.88 57.43 -0.576
PmAP2-4 RLN16903.1 647 67.71 6.71 43.98 64.39 -0.392
PmAP2-5 RLN34123.1 486 52.19 6.90 74.97 63.40 -0.478
PmAP2-6 RLM85837.1 495 52.69 7.75 72.96 61.09 -0.493
PmAP2-7 RLM84488.1 393 42.54 8.36 52.43 62.26 -0.578
PmAP2-8 RLN29697.1 488 52.76 7.01 63.37 58.75 -0.638
PmAP2-9 RLN28895.1 403 44.51 8.87 54.45 65.98 -0.602
PmAP2-10 RLM98939.1 441 48.67 8.60 59.11 66.03 -0.556
PmAP2-11 RLM99734.1 486 52.59 6.66 62.21 57.98 -0.670
PmAP2-12 RLN21823.1 698 72.48 6.47 38.47 65.24 -0.323
PmAP2-13 RLN12949.1 471 50.58 5.77 48.30 52.14 -0.611
PmAP2-14 RLM55993.1 464 49.88 5.77 46.41 54.42 -0.568
PmAP2-15 RLN09098.1 352 38.77 5.36 53.51 66.28 -0.786
PmAP2-16 RLM78118.1 364 40.12 5.20 55.76 66.48 -0.794
PmAP2-17 RLN04540.1 692 72.03 6.43 37.38 64.54 -0.344
PmAP2-18 RLM75444.1 467 50.62 6.10 52.44 61.61 -0.538
PmAP2-19 RLM66739.1 473 51.06 5.98 50.52 61.46 -0.530
PmAP2-20 RLM69043.1 546 58.53 6.23 42.86 60.31 -0.503

图2

糜子、水稻和拟南芥AP2亚家族系统进化树 euANT: 真核ANT; basalANT: 基部ANT; euAP2: 真核AP2。"

图3

糜子AP2亚家族进化树与基因结构 A: 进化树; B: 保守基序; C: 保守结构域; D: 外显子-内含子结构。UTR: 非翻译区; CDS: 编码序列。"

图4

糜子基因组内PmAP2基因共线性分析"

图5

糜子PmAP2与拟南芥和水稻间的共线性分析"

图6

糜子AP2亚家族成员启动子区顺式作用元件种类和数量"

图7

PmAP2基因在不同组织和时间的表达热图 NM5: 内糜5号; JS7: 晋黍7号。CK为对照组; Salt为NaCl胁迫组; 数字0-96为处理时长。"

图8

转基因拟南芥的分子鉴定 A: PmAP2-1的PCR检测; M: marker DL2000; 1-16: 转基因拟南芥; WT: 野生型拟南芥。B: PmAP2-9的PCR检测; 1-15: 转基因拟南芥。C: 转基因拟南芥的表达分析。CK: 对照组; Salt: Nacl胁迫组。"

图9

盐胁迫后野生型和转基因植株的表型 A: 不同盐浓度下的根长。B, C: 盐胁迫后植株表型。WT: 野生型; L1、L2、L3为过表达PmAP2-1/PmAP2-9株系。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

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