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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 1181-1192.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51067

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于APSIM模型的长期免耕秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦增产效应研究

乔宇馨1(), 李程越2, 康晓玉3, 张鑫琪1, 贾绍辉4, 刘倩4, 曹亚丽4, 史鑫蕊1, 郝兴宇1,*(), 李萍1,*()   

  1. 1山西农业大学农学院 / 有机旱作山西省重点实验室, 山西太原030031
    2山西农业大学信息科学与工程学院, 山西晋中030600
    3鞍山市气象局, 辽宁鞍山114014
    4临汾市尧都区农业机械发展中心, 山西临汾041000
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14 接受日期:2026-01-22 出版日期:2026-04-12 网络出版日期:2026-02-04
  • 通讯作者: *郝兴宇, E-mail: haoxingyu1976@126.com; 李萍, E-mail: lipinghxy@126.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1460831683@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    山西省重点实验室建设项目(Z135050009017-3-13)

Study on the effects of long-term no-tillage straw mulching on wheat yield improvement in dryland areas based on the APSIM model

Qiao Yu-Xin1(), Li Cheng-Yue2, Kang Xiao-Yu3, Zhang Xin-Qi1, Jia Shao-Hui4, Liu Qian4, Cao Ya-Li4, Shi Xin-Rui1, Hao Xing-Yu1,*(), Li Ping1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2College of Information Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
    3Anshan Meteorological Bureau, Anshan 114014, Liaoning, China
    4Yaodu District Agricultural Machinery Development Center, Linfen 041000, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2025-07-14 Accepted:2026-01-22 Published:2026-04-12 Published online:2026-02-04
  • Contact: *E-mail: haoxingyu1976@126.com; E-mail: lipinghxy@126.com
  • Supported by:
    Shanxi Province Key Laboratory Construction(Z135050009017-3-13)

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摘要：

传统旋耕、翻耕模式会造成旱作区水肥流失。开展少、免耕措施影响旱地小麦土壤水分及产量的研究对旱地小麦节水稳产意义重大。本研究在山西省临汾市尧都区开展2个生长季的旱作小麦试验, 试验处理为2种耕作方式: 免耕秸秆覆盖方式(no-tillage, NT)和旋耕秸秆还田方式(rotary tillage, RT), 小麦品种为“晋麦102”, 利用冬小麦田的土壤蓄水量、各生育时期生物量和产量等数据对APSIM-Wheat模型进行校准和验证, 用校验后的APSIM-Wheat模型模拟临汾市尧都区39年历史气象条件下冬小麦生长发育、土壤水分和产量的变化, 分析不同降水年型和不同耕作方式对小麦产量、麦田土壤蓄水量和水分利用效率的影响。平水年、丰水年和欠水年免耕秸秆覆盖处理较旋耕秸秆还田处理使小麦产量分别增加31.1%、21.0%和28.5%, 而休闲期土壤蓄水效率分别增加26.6%、35.9%和37.5%, 水分利用效率分别增加29.0%、10.0%和9.9%。但小麦生育期蒸散量在2种耕作方式下无明显差异。2个处理下的小麦产量均与休闲期降水量及年降水量呈显著正相关。免耕秸秆覆盖方式下小麦产量与休闲期蓄水效率呈显著正相关, 而旋耕秸秆还田方式下相关性不显著。免耕秸秆覆盖还田主要通过提高休闲期土壤蓄水效率提高黄土高原区旱作小麦产量, 是黄土高原旱作小麦稳产的有效耕作措施。

关键词: 耕作方式, APSIM模型, 冬小麦, 土壤蓄水效率, 产量

Abstract:

Traditional rotary tillage and plowing practices often lead to water and nutrient loss in dryland farming regions. Investigating the effects of minimum and no-tillage practices on soil moisture and wheat yield in dryland systems is therefore crucial for water conservation and yield stability. This study conducted two growing seasons of dryland wheat experiments in Yaodu district, Linfen city, Shanxi province, using two tillage methods: no-tillage with straw mulching (NT) and rotary tillage with straw incorporation (RT). The wheat variety used was “Jinmai 102”. The APSIM-Wheat model was calibrated and validated using observed data on soil water storage, biomass, and yield at various growth stages. The validated model was then employed to simulate the growth, soil moisture dynamics, and yield of winter wheat over 39 years of historical meteorological data in Yaodu. The impacts of different annual precipitation patterns and tillage methods on wheat yield, soil water storage, and water use efficiency (WUE) were analyzed. Compared with rotary tillage, no-tillage with straw mulching increased wheat yield by 31.1%, 21.0%, and 28.5% in normal, wet, and dry years, respectively. During the fallow period, soil water retention improved by 26.6%, 35.9%, and 37.5%, and WUE increased by 29.0%, 10.0%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in evapotranspiration during the wheat growing period between the two tillage methods. Under treatment NT, wheat yield was significantly positively correlated with both fallow-period and annual precipitation. Moreover, under NT, yield was significantly correlated with soil water retention during the fallow period, whereas no such correlation was observed under RT. Overall, no-tillage with straw mulching enhances dryland wheat yield on the Loess Plateau primarily by improving soil water retention during the fallow period, making it an effective tillage strategy for yield stability in this region.

Key words: tillage practice, APSIM model, winter wheat, soil water storage efficiency, yield

表1

土壤基础参数"

土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 土壤容重
Bulk density (g cm-3)		 田间持水量
Field capacity (cm3 cm-3)		 萎蔫系数
Wilting point (cm3 cm-3)		 饱和含水量
Saturated water content (cm3 cm-3)
RT NT RT NT RT NT RT NT
0-10 1.203 1.302 0.254 0.260 0.051 0.053 0.438 0.407
10-20 1.460 1.435 0.260 0.260 0.051 0.053 0.309 0.319
20-30 1.460 1.502 0.260 0.245 0.053 0.038 0.298 0.290
30-40 1.536 1.504 0.243 0.245 0.053 0.038 0.284 0.300
40-60 1.460 1.473 0.240 0.230 0.057 0.031 0.299 0.307
60-80 1.375 1.414 0.230 0.180 0.045 0.040 0.324 0.429
80-100 1.470 1.503 0.110 0.135 0.043 0.039 0.303 0.341
100-120 1.417 1.468 0.100 0.130 0.040 0.033 0.329 0.328

表2

历史年份降水年型的划分"

年型
Year type		 平水年
Normal year		 丰水年
Wet year		 欠水年
Dry year
年份
Year		 1977-1978 1982-1983 1979-1980
1978-1979 1985-1986 1980-1981
1981-1982 1988-1989 1984-1985
1983-1984 1989-1990 1986-1987
1990-1991 1993-1994 1987-1988
1996-1997 1995-1996 1991-1992
1998-1999 2003-2004 1992-1993
2002-2003 2005-2006 1994-1995
2009-2010 2007-2008 1997-1998
2011-2012 2013-2014 1999-2000
2012-2013 — 2000-2001
2014-2015 — 2001-2002
2015-2016 — 2004-2005
— — 2006-2007
— — 2008-2009
— — 2010-2011
合计(年) Total (year) 13 10 16

表3

APSIM-Wheat模型中校准后的小麦生长参数"

参数
Parameter		 描述
Description		 参数值
Parameter value
tt_emergence (℃) 播种至出苗所需的有效积温
Thermal time from planting to emergence		 40
tt_end_of_juvenile (℃) 出苗至幼年期结束所需的有效积温
Thermal time from emergence to juvenile		 545.1
tt_floral_initiation (℃) 幼年期至花原基分化所需的有效积温
Thermal time from juvenile to initiation		 613.7
tt_flowering (℃) 花原基分化完成到开花期所需的有效积温
Thermal time from initiation to flower		 331.8
startgf_to_mat (℃) 灌浆期启动到籽粒生理成熟所需的有效积温
Thermal time from filling to maturity		 332.3
vern_sens 春化敏感性
Sensitivities to vernalisation		 3.1
photop_sens 光周期敏感性
Sensitivities to photoperiod		 2.5
grains_per_gram_stem (grains g-1) 单位茎秆干重形成的籽粒重
Grain weight per gram stem		 25
max_grain_size (g) 单个籽粒的最大潜在重量
Maximum weight per grain		 0.032
Phyllochron (℃) 叶热间距
Phyllochron		 80

图1

小麦土壤蓄水量、各生育期天数、生物量和产量模拟值与实测值的比较 a1、b1、c1为校准结果, a2、b2、c2为验证结果。图中虚线为1∶1线; 实线为拟合线。NT: 免耕; RT: 旋耕。"

图2

不同耕作方式对冬小麦产量的影响 NT: 免耕; RT: 旋耕。"

图3

不同耕作方式对休闲期土壤蓄水效率的影响 NT: 免耕; RT: 旋耕; CV: 变异系数。"

图4

不同耕作方式对小麦生育期蒸散量和水分利用效率的影响 NT: 免耕; RT: 旋耕; CV: 变异系数。"

图5

不同耕作方式下小麦产量与降水量、生育期蒸散量、水分利用效率及休闲期土壤蓄水效率的相关性分析 NT: 免耕; RT: 旋耕; P7-9: 休闲期降水量; P10-6: 小麦生长季降水量; Ptotal: 全年降水量; ET: 生育期蒸散量; WUE: 水分利用效率; WSE: 休闲期蓄水效率。*代表相关性显著(P < 0.05); **代表相关性极显著(P < 0.01); ***表示相关性极显著(P < 0.001)。"

图6

小麦产量与年降水量、休闲期土壤蓄水效率的关系 NT: 免耕; RT: 旋耕。"

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