施氮量对旱地小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01657

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 2009—2010和2010—2011小麦生长季, 分别利用小麦品种济麦22和山农16, 研究了施氮量0 (N0)、90(N1)、120 (N2)、150 (N3)、180 (N4)和210 kg hm^-² (N5)条件下的小麦耗水特性和产量水平。N3处理的耗水量在播种至拔节期与N1和N2处理无显著差异, 但在拔节至成熟期显著高于N1和N2处理; N4处理各阶段耗水量与N3处理无显著差异; N5处理在返青至开花期耗水量显著增加。当施氮量由90 kg hm^-²增加到150 kg hm^-²时, 小麦对深层土壤贮水利用能力增强, 但施氮量继续增加, 80 cm以下土层土壤贮水消耗量未显著增加。N3处理在拔节后株间蒸发量显著低于N1和N2处理, 开花后旗叶水分利用效率显著高于N1和N2处理, 但与N4和N5处理拔节后的株间蒸发量及开花后旗叶水分利用效率无显著差异。在本试验条件下, N3处理的产量、水分利用效率和降水利用效率最高, 氮肥生产效率也较高, 因此150 kg hm^-²是适宜的施氮量。

关键词: 施氮量, 旱地小麦, 耗水量, 水分利用效率, 籽粒产量

Abstract: Nitrogen management plays a key role in high yield of rainfed wheat. To propose a suitable nitrogen application rate for the rainfed wheat in Yellow and Huaihe River Valleys, particularly in Shandong Province, we explored the water consumption characteristics and final yield of dryland wheat in response to different nitrogen application rates in the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 growing seasons. Wheat cultivars Jimai 22 (in 2009–2010 growing season) and Shannong 16 (in 2010–2011 growing season) were both supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at 0 (N0), 90 (N1),120 (N2), 150 (N3), 180 (N4), and 210 kg ha^-¹ (N5). In N3 treatment, the water consumption amount had no significant difference with that in N1 or N2 treatment from sowing to jointing stage, but significantly higher from jointing to maturity stage. The water consumption amounts in N4 treatment had no significant changes at various stages, and increased significantly in N5 treatment from revival to anthesis stage. When the nitrogen application rate was raised from 90 to 150 kg ha^-¹, wheat showed an increased capability to absorb soil water from deep soil layers. However, further increase of nitrogen fertilizer had no effect on consumption amount of soil water below 80 cm from the surface. The soil evaporation after jointing was significantly lower in N3 treatment than in N1 and N2 treatments, and the water use efficiency of flag leaf after anthesis was significantly higher in N3 treatment than in N1 and N2 treatments. Compared to N3 treatment, N4 and N5 treatments had no significant effects on soil evaporation after jointing and water use efficiency of flag leaf after anthesis. Therefore, 150 kg ha^-¹ is proposed as the optimal nitrogen application rate for rainfed wheat grown in the environment similar to that in this experiment, because N3 treatment resulted in the highest grain yieldand water use efficiency, as well as relatively high nitrogen productive efficiency.

Key words: Nitrogen application rate, Rainfed wheat, Water consumption amount, Water use efficiency, Grain yield

段文学，于振文，张永丽，王东，石玉. 施氮量对旱地小麦耗水特性和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2012, 38(09): 1657-1664.

DUAN Wen-Xue,YU Zhen-Wen,ZHANG Yong-Li,WANG Dong,SHI Yu. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Water Consumption Characteristics and Grain Yield in Rainfed Wheat[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38(09): 1657-1664.

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