作物学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (09): 1619-1627.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01619
张仁和,胡富亮,杨晓钦,高杰,郝引川,张兴华*,薛吉全*
ZHANG Ren-He,HU Fu-Liang,YANG Xiao-Qin,GAO Jie,HAO Yin-Chuang,ZHANG Xing-Hua*,XUE Ji-Quan*
摘要:
明确旱地春玉米高产与水分高效协调的栽培技术及其生理原因,对提高水分限制条件下玉米水分利用效率及玉米可持续生产具有重要意义。本文以郑单958为材料,于2010年和2011年在陕西长武进行大田试验,设置当地农户栽培(对照)、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培等4种栽培模式,比较了其对春玉米光合特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,当地农户栽培、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培产量平均达7.7、9.2、11.7和10.6 t hm-2,高产模式较对照产量分别提高20.1%、52.9%和37.7%,水分利用效率分别提高27.8%、60.9%和45.1%。与当地农户栽培相比,高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培提高了花后叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和单叶水分利用效率(WUEL);相对电子传递速率(ETR)、PSII实际量子产额(ΦPSII)和光化学猝灭(qP);延缓了叶片衰老;花后干物质积累量分别增加29.0%、82.3%和56.1%。结果说明通过地膜覆盖、增加密度和氮肥运筹等关键栽培技术的集成与优化,可实现旱地春玉米高产与水分高效30%以上的目标;其增产增效的主要原因在于显著增强玉米花后叶片光捕获能力与光化学效率,延缓叶片早衰,促进花后干物质积累及其对籽粒的贡献率。
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