粮食作物生产系统定量调控理论与技术模式

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.83051

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当今作物生产正在向高产、高效、环境友好等多目标协同方向发展, 进一步深化和完善作物生产调控理论与技术体系是实现多元化目标协同, 促进作物生产可持续发展的重要途径。本文对当前作物生产调控理论与技术的研究进展进行了总结, 并结合当今作物生产发展形势, 在全面总结前人成果和笔者30余年研究结果的基础上, 提出了从作物生产系统的整体性角度出发, 通过定量分析作物生产系统气候、土壤、作物三要素的协同关系, 将“气候-作物”、“土壤-作物”和“群体-个体”三者协同优化的作物高产高效调控途径, 构建了作物生产系统气候-土壤-作物“三协同”定量优化体系, 并对其生产应用和未来发展进行了探讨与展望, 以期为实现我国主要粮食作物高产高效可持续生产提供理论指导。

关键词: 作物生产系统, 气候, 土壤, 作物, 协同优化

Abstract:

Multi-objective collaborative development of crop production with high yield, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness is more important in China. Further improving theoretical models of crop system is a main way to adapt multi-objective coordinated development, and promote the sustainable development of crop production. In this paper, we reviewed current theoretical and technical regulation approaches for crop system. Meanwhile, according to the current crop production developing condition and previous researches, a new model “Three Collaboration Theory and Technology System” was established based on the overall composition of crop system, which can collaboratively optimize the relationship of “climate-crops”, “soil-crops”, and “population-individual” simultaneously. The application and perspective of such model were discussed.

Key words: crop production system, climate, soil, crop, collaborative optimization

赵明,周宝元,马玮,李从锋,丁在松,孙雪芳. 粮食作物生产系统定量调控理论与技术模式[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(4): 485-498.

ZHAO Ming,ZHOU Bao-Yuan,MA Wei,LI Cong-Feng,DING Zai-Song,SUN Xue-Fang. Theoretical and technical models of quantitative regulation in food crop production system[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(4): 485-498.

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模式 Cropping system	积温 Accumulated temperature		辐射 Radiation
模式 Cropping system	周年总量 Annual amount (°C)	两季比值 Ratio of two seasons	周年总量 Annual amount (MJ m^-2)	两季比值 Ratio of two seasons
W-M	5330.3±79.3	46:54	4169.5±145.9	60:40
D-D	5275.1±139.8	43:57	4336.6±300.9	58:42
W-R	5237.7±100.1	36:64	4490.1±116.9	53:47
M-M	4974.3±151.9	50:50	3428.7±103.5	58:42
M-R	5439.7±53.0	54:46	3381.3±197.2	55:45
R-R	5645.3±272.5	48:52	3455.3±272.5	54:46
r-r	5250.1±156.1	71:29	3420.2±160.5	72:28

土壤特征 Soil characteristics	东北春玉米区 Spring maize in Northeast China		黄淮海小麦-玉米区 Wheat/maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain		长江中下游稻作区 Rice in Yangtze Plain
土壤特征 Soil characteristics	一般农田 Farmers’ field	高产高效 Optimized field	一般农田 Farmers’ field	高产高效 Optimized field	一般农田 Farmers’ field	高产高效 Optimized field
物理特征Physical characteristics
耕层深 Depth of topsoil (cm)	15.1	26.5	17.2	27.3	14.5	25.0
容重 Soil volume weight (g cm^-3)	1.43	1.21	1.37	1.16	1.54	1.28
耕层有效土量 Effective amount of tilling soil (×10⁶ kg hm^-2)	1.97	3.15	2.21	3.07	2.01	3.18
化学特征Chemical characteristics
有机质 Organic matter (%)	1.81-4.61	2.63-6.67	0.78-1.26	1.12-1.68	0.95-2.45	2.01-3.81
全氮 Total nitrogen (%)	0.08-0.32	0.21-0.52	0.03-0.09	0.08-0.15	0.06-0.13	0.12-0.17
速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg kg^-1)	4-10	8-15	2.8-7.8	6.7-13.2	2.8-6.7	5.5-8.5
速效钾 Available potassium (mg kg^-1)	92-136	116-251	91-136	141-215	53-102	76-142

作物 Crop	叶系统 Leaf system			穗系统 Spike system			产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)
作物 Crop	MLAI	MNAR	HI	EN (×10⁴ hm^-2)	GN (No. ear^-1)	GW (g)	产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)
春玉米 Spring maize	4.29	5.94	0.49	8.69	411.3	342.8	13121.3
夏玉米 Summer maize	3.42	6.07	0.52	7.98	443.8	362.6	12408.4
冬小麦 Winter wheat	2.72	5.19	0.46	691.0	32.0	45.0	10110.2
水稻 Rice	3.81	3.94	0.51	373.4	129.7	22.5	11306.8