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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (12): 1868-1879.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.93011

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

种植密度对不同株型玉米冠层光能截获和产量的影响

柏延文,杨永红,朱亚利,李红杰,薛吉全,张仁和()   

  1. 西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2019-03-04 接受日期:2019-06-24 出版日期:2019-12-12 网络出版日期:2019-07-22
  • 通讯作者: 张仁和
  • 作者简介:柏延文, E-mail: yanwbai1993@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300304);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2017ZDCXL-NY-02-02);陕西省技术创新引导专项(2019TG-002)

Effect of planting density on light interception within canopy and grain yield of different plant types of maize

Yan-Wen BAI,Yong-Hong YANG,Ya-Li ZHU,Hong-Jie LI,Ji-Quan XUE,Ren-He ZHANG()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
  • Received:2019-03-04 Accepted:2019-06-24 Published:2019-12-12 Published online:2019-07-22
  • Contact: Ren-He ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300304);the Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program(2017ZDCXL-NY-02-02);the Shaanxi Technology Innovation and Guide Project(2019TG-002)

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摘要：

为了明确密植栽培中不同株型玉米的冠层光能截获、物质生产与产量的关系, 以不同株型玉米陕单609 (紧凑型)、秦龙14 (中间型)和陕单8806 (平展型)为试验材料, 设置4个种植密度(4.5×10 4、6.0×10 4、7.5×10 4和9.0×10 4株 hm -2), 于2016—2017年开展大田试验, 研究密度对形态特性、冠层光分布、灌浆参数以及干物质积累等的影响。结果表明, 陕单609、秦龙14和陕单8806两年平均产量依次为12,176、9624和8533 kg hm -2, 分别在9.0×10 4、7.5×10 4和6.0×10 4株 hm -2达到高产, 产量较低密度分别提高了26.9%、20.4%和19.7%; 随着种植密度的增加, 叶面积降低, LAI和叶向值增加, 在高密度下陕单609中间层由于较大的叶片和叶向值能截获更多的光能, 秦龙14次之; 灌浆速率达到最大时的天数(Dmax)、粒重(Wmax)、籽粒最大灌浆速率(Gmax)、平均灌浆速率(Gave)、籽粒活跃灌浆期(P)均随密度的增加而降低, 高密度下陕单609的Dmax分别较秦龙14和陕单8806早1.4 d和3.0 d, Wmax和P分别高于秦龙14 (0.3 g和3.3 d)和陕单8806 (1.1 g和5.4 d); 吐丝后干物质积累量、干物质转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率随密度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。在高密度下, 陕单609花后干物质积累量、花后干物质转运量和干物质转移对籽粒的贡献高于秦龙14 (5.1%、36.0%、33.5%)和陕单8806 (26.6%、46.7%、59.1%)。穗位层光能截获与产量(r = 0.631)显著正相关(P < 0.05), 与花后干物质积累量(r = 0.661)和平均灌浆速率(r = 0.859)极显著相关(P < 0.01)。可见, 与秦龙14和陕单8806相比, 紧凑型品种陕单609密植下调控穗上部叶片直立, 改善冠层中下部光分布, 维持较高的光合绿叶面积, 延缓冠层叶片衰老, 增加花后营养器官光合产物的积累以及籽粒灌浆速率, 实现了增产。

关键词: 玉米, 株型, 种植密度, 冠层结构, 干物质积累转运, 籽粒灌浆

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between light interception in canopy and dry matter production and grain yield in different plant types of maize. The response of morphological characteristics, canopy light distribution, grain filling parameters and dry matter accumulation were studied using three different maize hybrids Shaandan 609 (SD609, compact), Qinlong 14 (QL14, semi-compact), and Shaandan 8806 (SD8806, flat) with four plant densities (4.5×10 4, 6.0×10 4, 7.5×10 4, and 9.0×10 4plants hm -2) in the field from 2016 to 2017. The average yields of SD609, QL14, and SD8806 were 12,176, 9624, and 8533 kg hm -2, respectively, within two years, reaching high yields under 9.0×10 4, 7.5×10 4, and 6×10 4 plants hm -2, with the yield increase of 26.9%, 20.4%, and 19.7% compared with those under 4.5×10 4 plants hm -2, respectively. With the increase of plant density, leaf area decreased, but LAI and leaf orientation value increased. The middle leaves of SD609 were more upright and larger than those of QL14 under 9×10 4 plants hm -2. With increasing plant density, Dmax (days to the maximum grain-filling rate), Wmax (kernel weight at the maximum grain filling rate), Gmax (maximum grain-filling rate), Gave (average grain-filling rate) and P (active filling period) decreased, the Dmax for SD609 was 1.4 days and 3.0 days earlier than that of QL14 and SD8806, and the Wmax and P were higher than those of SD636 (0.3 g and 3.3 d) and SD8806 (1.1 g and 5.4 d), respectively. The dry matter accumulation after silking and the contribution of dry matter transportation to grain yield increased and then decreased with the increase of plant density, the accumulation, transportation and contribution to grain of dry matter after anthesis were higher in SD609 than QL14 (5.1%, 36.0%, 33.5%) and SD8806 (26.6%, 46.7%, 59.1%). The light interception in the ear canopy was significantly correlated with yield (r = 0.631, P < 0.05), the dry matter accumulation after silking (r = 0.661) and average grain filling rate (r = 0.859) at P < 0.01. Thus, compared with QL14 and SD8806, SD609 could regulate the mid and upper leaves more vertical under close planting, improve the light distribution in the mid and lower canopy, maintain a higher area of green leaves, delay the senescence of canopy leaves, increase dry matter accumulation after anthesis and grain filling rate, so obtain a higher grain yield.

Key words: maize, plant type, plant density, canopy structure, dry matter accumulation and translocation, grain filling

表1

种植密度对不同株型玉米产量及其构成因子的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Hybrids		 密度
Density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 穗数
Ears hm-2		 穗粒数
No. ear-1		 百粒重
100-kernels weight
(g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)
2016 陕单609 4.5 44689±851 d 589±11.2 a 37.8±0.0 a 9950±448 d
Shaandan 609 6.0 57807±1002 c 561±10.1 b 35.4±0.1 b 11483±1038 c
7.5 74482±2658 b 514±11.5 c 33.8±0.3 c 12940±885 b
9.0 90713±3321 a 486±11.6 d 31.8±0.1 d 14020±921 a
秦龙14 4.5 48802±1568 d 553±14.5 a 31.3±0.6 a 8447±236 c
Qinlong14 6.0 61142±1258 c 528±11.4 b 29.7±1.1 b 9588±682 b
7.5 74814±995 b 492±11.2 c 28.7±0.8 c 10564±965 a
9.0 90601±3584 a 402±8.2 d 26.8±1.1 d 9761±689 b
陕单8806 4.5 46912±2214 d 538±15.3 a 30.8±1.5 a 7774±398 c
Shaandan 8806 6.0 60695±3654 c 515±15.6 b 29.5±0.1 b 9221±991 a
7.5 73591±2256 b 441±7.8 c 26.1±0.1 c 8470±786 b
9.0 88800±1502 a 371±8.1 d 24.3±0.0 d 8006±683 c
差异来源Source of variation
密度 Density (D) ** ** ** **
品种 Hybrids (H) ns ** ** **
密度×品种 D×H ns ** ** **
2017 陕单609 4.5 47083±2523 d 613±19.8 a 35.7±0.8 a 10304±1211 c
Shaandan 609 6.0 59444±2216 c 588±21.5 b 33.6±1.1 b 11744±923 b
7.5 76389±3650 b 547±11.1 c 31.8±0.9 c 13288±1065 a
9.0 89361±4026 a 502±10.6 d 30.5±0.5 d 13682±689 a
秦龙14 4.5 46750±2601 d 574±10.3 a 32.1±1.1 a 8614±738 d
Qinlong 14 6.0 60417±668 c 528±9.6 b 30.8±1.2 b 9825±456 b
7.5 74027±2789 b 501±11.2 c 29.3±0.5 c 10867±669 a
9.0 86806±1269 a 410±12.3 d 26.2±0.7 d 9325±359 c
陕单8806 4.5 43639±754 d 545±16.8 a 31.5±1.1 a 7492±775 d
Shaandan 8806 6.0 61917±2105 c 518±19.2 b 30.6±0.4 b 9814±486 a
7.5 71639±1526 b 455±9.3 c 28.4±0.6 c 9257±698 b
9.0 82639±3058 a 386±6.3 d 25.8±0.0 d 8230±668 c
差异来源 Source of variation
密度 Density (D) ** ** ** **
品种 Hybrids (H) * ** ** **
密度×品种 D×H * ** ** **

表2

不同株型玉米产量构成因子与种植密度的回归关系"

项目
Item		 品种
Hybrid		 回归方程
Regression equation		 R2
穗粒数 陕单609 Shaandan 609 y= -24.3x+714.3 0.992**
Kernel number 秦龙14 Qinlong 14 y= -33.6x+725.3 0.930**
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806 y= -37.2x+722.0 0.964**
粒重 陕单609 Shaandan 609 y= -1.2x+42.1 0.994**
Kernel weight 秦龙14 Qinlong 14 y= -1.1x+36.9 0.974**
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806 y= -1.4x+37.9 0.975**

图5

种植密度对不同株型玉米灌浆速率的影响 缩写同图1。"

表3

种植密度对不同株型玉米籽粒灌浆参数的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 密度
Density (×104 plant hm-2)		 Richards方程
Richards equation		 R2 Dmax
(d)		 Wmax
(g 100-kernel-1)		 Gmax
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 Gave
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 P
(d)
2016 陕单609 4.5 y=36.8/[1+exp(1.87-0.11x)]^3.3 0.9993 28.7±0.3 a 15.6±0.1 a 1.27±0.06 a 0.86±0.01 a 54.2±1.3 a
Shaandan 609 6.0 y=35.4/[1+exp(2.58-0.11x)]^2.2 0.9995 28.4±0.3 b 15.4±0.2 b 1.17±0.02 b 0.79±0.02 b 52.6±0.9 b
7.5 y=34.7/[1+exp(1.85-0.10x)]^3.1 0.9993 28.1±0.4 c 14.6±0.3 c 1.07±0.02 c 0.73±0.01 c 51.5±1.1 c
9.0 y=33.2/[1+exp(1.51-0.09x)]^3.8 0.9989 27.9±0.4 d 13.7±0.3 d 0.98±0.01 d 0.66±0.00 d 50.1±0.7 d
秦龙14 4.5 y=33.2/[1+exp(1.15-0.09x)]^4.4 0.9992 30.5±0.2 a 13.9±0.4 a 1.03±0.02 a 0.70±0.00 a 52.6±0.9 a
Qinlong 14 6.0 y=32.3/[1+exp(1.73-0.09x)]^2.8 0.9988 30.2±0.3 b 13.7±0.1 b 0.93±0.02 b 0.65±0.01 b 51.5±1.2 b
7.5 y=30.2/[1+exp(2.62-0.10x)]^1.8 0.9989 30.1±0.6 c 13.6±0.1 b 0.89±0.03 c 0.62±0.02 c 50.2±1.1 c
9.0 y=29.5/[1+exp(2.36-0.09x)]^1.9 0.9976 29.7±0.3 c 13.2±0.2 c 0.79±0.04 d 0.58±0.03 d 49.5±0.8 d
陕单8806 4.5 y=30.7/[1+exp(4.55-0.15x)]^0.8 0.9992 31.8±0.3 a 13.8±0.5 a 1.01±0.06 a 0.70±0.00 a 49.3±0.7 a
Shaandan 8806 6.0 y=29.0/[1+exp(4.11-0.14x)]^0.9 0.9993 31.7±0.1 b 13.6±0.1 b 0.97±0.01 b 0.64±0.01 b 47.1±1.1 b
7.5 y=28.6/[1+exp(3.71-0.13x)]^1.0 0.9997 31.4±0.6 c 13.4±0.4 c 0.90±0.04 c 0.60±0.01 c 46.7±0.6 c
9.0 y=28.8/[1+exp(0.68-0.08x)]^1.5 0.9993 31.2±0.5 d 12.9±0.2 d 0.84±0.02 d 0.53±0.04 d 45.7±0.3 d
2017 陕单609 4.5 y=37.6/[1+exp(2.88-0.11x)]^7.8 0.9992 29.6±0.2 a 14.9±0.2 a 1.07±0.03 a 0.87±0.01 a 55.1±0.5 a
Shaandan 609 6.0 y=34.8/[1+exp(0.66-0.08x)]^5.4 0.9991 29.4±0.2 b 13.9±0.3 b 0.95±0.01 b 0.83±0.01 b 53.7±0.8 b
7.5 y=33.3/[1+exp(0.91-0.08x)]^4.4 0.9994 29.1±0.5 c 13.5±0.2 c 0.88±0.04 c 0.75±0.00 c 52.4±0.3 c
9.0 y=32.2/[1+exp(0.59-0.08x)]^5.5 0.9995 28.9±0.4 d 12.8±0.4 d 0.84±0.03 d 0.69±0.00 d 51.9±1.2 d
秦龙14 4.5 y=30.8/[1+exp(1.68-0.08x)]^1.1 0.9996 30.6±0.3 a 13.7±0.5 a 0.96±0.02 a 0.69±0.01 a 52.5±0.3 a
Qinlong 14 6.0 y=28.8/[1+exp(1.77-0.08x)]^1.1 0.9994 30.2±0.7 b 13.2±0.3 b 0.92±0.06 b 0.67±0.02 a 52.1±0.2 b
7.5 y=29.9/[1+exp(2.01-0.09x)]^2.3 0.9992 29.9±0.1 c 13.0±0.3 c 0.86±0.04 c 0.63±0.01 b 51.4±0.8 c
9.0 y=26.9/[1+exp(3.39-0.12x)]^1.4 0.9994 29.6±0.2 d 12.7±0.3 d 0.82±0.02 d 0.58±0.03 c 46.0±1.1 d
陕单8806 4.5 y=32.4/[1+exp(1.06-0.09x)]^4.3 0.9995 32.3±0.4 a 13.4±0.4 a 0.96±0.01 a 0.67±0.04 a 49.4±1.0 a
Shaandan 8806 6.0 y=31.1/[1+exp(1.75-0.10x)]^2.8 0.9993 32.1±0.2 a 13.2±0.1 a 0.95±0.01 a 0.65±0.01 a 48.1±0.3 a
7.5 y=29.8/[1+exp(1.30-0.09x)]^3.8 0.9994 31.8±0.3 b 12.3±0.3 b 0.91±0.00 b 0.61±0.01 b 46.6±0.5 b
9.0 y=28.8/[1+exp(0.68-0.08x)]^5.6 0.9903 31.5±0.5 c 11.5±0.2 c 0.80±0.07 c 0.51±0.02 c 45.5±0.4 c

表4

不同株型玉米花后干物质积累、分配及转运"

年份
Year		 品种
Hybrid		 密度
Density
(×104 plant hm-2)		 吐丝期干物质
积累量DMAS
(kg hm-2)		 成熟期干物质积累量DMAM
(kg hm-2)		 花后干物质转运量TADM
(kg hm-2)		 花后干物质转运对
籽粒的贡献CGDMT
(%)
2016 陕单609 4.5 7797.5±205 d 13689.1±894 d 1756.8±102 d 27.8±1.1 c
Shaandan 609 6.0 9756.1±189 c 15885.1±954 c 2812.5±135 c 29.5±1.6 b
7.5 10088.2±697 b 19356.0±1011 b 3048.5±205 b 35.0±0.5 a
9.0 11189.6±1035 a 20995.1±1242 a 4105.3±152 a 36.4±0.6 a
秦龙14 4.5 6791.6±305 c 11735.0±899 d 1665.8±88 c 14.0±0.5 d
Qinlong 14 6.0 7856.6±195 b 14659.2±1168 c 2020.2±105 b 21.0±0.9 c
7.5 9964.2±558 a 16185.1±942 b 3165.0±119 a 33.0±0.5 a
9.0 9285.8±386 a 18526.1±1049 a 2534.0±168 b 27.0±1.1 b
陕单8806 4.5 7761.3±411 d 11089.0±863 d 1687.0±99 c 11.9±0.1 d
Shaandan 8806 6.0 8397.0±414 c 13560.2±756 c 2812.0±136 a 22.3±0.6 a
7.5 9654.2±765 b 14996.1±1269 b 2630.3±166 b 19.2±0.4 b
9.0 9479.3±669 a 17200.8±1036 a 1942.2±104 c 16.6±0.6 c
2017 陕单609 4.5 8181.2±319 d 13058.4±693 d 2144.2±99 d 26.3±1.3 c
Shaandan 609 6.0 9547.5±406 c 16113.1±528 c 2765.8±188 c 31.6±0.8 b
7.5 9998.1±546 b 18859.1±1466 b 3326.4±205 b 34.2±0.5 a
9.0 10636.2±735 a 21144.0±1389 a 4023.6±86 a 35.0±0.6 a
秦龙14 4.5 6103.8±365 d 10996.2±1022 d 1896.3±68 d 17.6±0.4 d
Qinlong 14 6.0 7764.6±532 c 13986.2±689 c 2156.9±139 c 22.6±0.4 c
7.5 9688.5±489 a 16785.4±779 b 2989.0±125 a 30.5±1.5 a
9.0 9105.9±759 b 19205.3±823 a 2675.0±165 b 27.6±0.5 b
陕单8806 4.5 7722.6±532 c 11356.8±996 d 1612.3±131 c 14.1±0.3 c
Shaandan 8806 6.0 8180.3±418 b 14259.6±668 c 2655.2±158 a 21.4±1.1 a
7.5 9059.4±398 a 15119.6±1044 b 2388.9±201 b 19.5±0.5 b
9.0 9103.5±564 a 18004.2±916 a 2113.2±122 b 15.8±0.4 c

表5

物质转运、光能截获和籽粒形成参数的相关性分析"

项目
Item		 光能截获率 The fraction of light interception
H1 H2 H3 H4
籽粒产量 Grain yield -0.101 0.020 0.631* 0.465*
平均灌浆速率 Average grain-filling rate 0.782** 0.803** 0.859** 0.541**
花后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation after silking -0.302 0.205 0.661** 0.527**
花后干物质转运量 Transfer amount of dry matter 0.478* 0.369 0.689* 0.696**

图1

种植密度对不同株型玉米不同叶位叶面积的影响(吐丝期) SD609: 陕单609; QL14: 秦龙14; SD8806: 陕单8806。"

图2

种植密度对不同株型玉米叶面积指数的影响 V6: 拔节期; V12: 大口期; VT: 吐丝期; R3: 灌浆期; R6: 成熟期。缩写同图1。"

图3

种植密度对不同株型玉米叶向值的影响缩写同图1和图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figs. 1 and 2."

图4

种植密度对不同株型玉米冠层透光率的影响 H1、H2、H3、H4、H5分别为距地面15 cm、雌穗至地面中部、穗部、顶部至雌穗中部和顶部5个高度。缩写同图1。"

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