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作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 149-158.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.93008

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同熟期类型玉米品种籽粒灌浆和脱水特性

王荣焕(), 徐田军(), 陈传永, 王元东, 吕天放, 刘月娥, 蔡万涛, 刘秀芝, 赵久然*()   

  1. 北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心 / 玉米DNA指纹及分子育种北京市重点实验室, 北京 100097
  • 收稿日期:2019-02-26 接受日期:2020-09-13 出版日期:2021-01-12 网络出版日期:2020-09-22
  • 通讯作者: 赵久然
  • 作者简介:王荣焕, E-mail: ronghuanwang@126.com|徐田军, E-mail: xtjxtjbb@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02)

Grain filling and dehydrating characteristics of maize hybrids with different maturity

WANG Rong-Huan(), XU Tian-Jun(), CHEN Chuan-Yong, WANG Yuan-Dong, LYU Tian-Fang, LIU Yue-E, CAI Wan-Tao, LIU Xiu-Zhi, ZHAO Jiu-Ran*()   

  1. Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences / Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100097, China
  • Received:2019-02-26 Accepted:2020-09-13 Published:2021-01-12 Published online:2020-09-22
  • Contact: ZHAO Jiu-Ran
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02)

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摘要：

根据自然生态条件及玉米品种的熟期、籽粒灌浆与脱水特性和产量潜力等进行科学品种布局, 是实现玉米高产优质和资源高效利用的重要途径。本试验选用中早熟、中熟和中晚熟3个熟期类型, 共13个玉米生产主栽品种, 通过测定籽粒干物质积累和含水率的动态变化, 研究并明确了不同熟期类型玉米品种的籽粒灌浆和脱水特性, 旨在为生产品种布局提供参考和指导。试验结果表明: 产量、籽粒灌浆和脱水特性在不同熟期类型和品种间均存在显著差异。产量表现为中晚熟(13,813.0 kg hm-2) > 中熟(12,970.4 kg hm-2) > 中早熟品种(10,729.0 kg hm-2), 中晚熟分别较中早熟和中熟品种增产28.7%和6.5%。平均灌浆速率表现为中早熟(0.034 g 100-grain-1 ℃-1) > 中熟(0.031 g 100-grain-1 ℃-1) > 中晚熟品种(0.027 g 100-grain-1 ℃-1), 生理成熟后的平均物理脱水速率表现为中熟(0.027% ℃-1 d-1) > 中早熟(0.025% ℃-1 d-1) > 中晚熟品种(0.018% ℃-1 d-1)。中早熟代表性品种京农科728的平均灌浆速率和生理成熟后的物理脱水速率。分别较3个熟期代表性品种郑单958、先玉335、农华101高38.5%和112.5%、28.6%和54.5%、28.6%和13.3%; 中晚熟代表性品种京科968产量潜力最大(14,813.0 kg hm-2), 且平均灌浆速率和物理脱水速率分别较同熟期品种郑单958高7.7%和18.8%。产量与灌浆期天数、积温、平均灌浆速率和百粒重呈显著或极显著正相关, 收获期籽粒含水率与灌浆期天数和积温显著正相关、与生理降水速率和物理脱水速率极显著负相关, 生理降水速率和物理脱水速率与平均灌浆速率相关性不显著。综上, 中早熟、中熟和中晚熟3个不同熟期类型及不同玉米品种的籽粒灌浆和脱水特性差异显著, 生产中品种布局除考虑熟期外还需兼顾该特性, 以更利于实现玉米高产优质和资源高效利用。

关键词: 玉米, 熟期类型, 籽粒灌浆特性, 脱水特性

Abstract:

Suitable variety arrangement according to the natural ecological conditions, maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics and yield potential of maize hybrid is an important approach for realizing higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization. Thirteen hybrids widely planted in maize production with three maturity types [medium-early maturity (MEM), medium maturity (MM) and medium-late maturity type (MLM)] were selected to clarify the grain filling and dehydrating characteristics for different maturity hybrids, by investigating the dynamic changes of grain filling and moisture content. The results showed that yield, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics differed significantly between different maturities and hybrids. Average yield level showed MLM (13,813.0 kg hm-2) > MM (12,970.4 kg hm-2) > MEM (10,729.0 kg hm-2), with MLM was 28.7% and 6.5% higher than that of MLM and MM type, respectively. Average grain filling rate showed MEM (0.034 g 100-grain-1 ℃-1) > MM (0.031 g 100-grain-1 ℃-1) > MLM (0.027 g 100-grain-1 ℃-1), average dehydrating rate after physiological maturity (PM) showed MM (0.027% ℃-1 d-1) > MEM (0.025% ℃-1 d-1) > MLM (0.018% ℃-1 d-1). Average grain filling rate and dehydrating rate after PM of MEM representative hybrid Jingnongke 728 were 38.5% and 112.5%, 28.6% and 54.5%, 28.6% and 13.3% higher than those of representative hybrid Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335 and Nonghua 101 for three maturity type; the yield of Jingke 968 was the highest (14,813.0 kg hm-2), average grain filling rate and dehydrating rate after PM was7.7% and 18.8% higher than the same maturity hybrid Zhengdan 958. Yield level was significantly or extremely significantly correlated with grain filling period, corresponding accumulated temperature, average grain filling rate and 100-grain weight; grain moisture content at harvest stage was significantly correlated with grain filling period and corresponding accumulated temperature, but negatively significantly correlated with dehydrating rate before and after PM; there were no significant correlation between dehydrating rate before and after PM with average grain filling rate. Maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics were all important factors for higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization. This study indicated that maize grain filling and dehydrating characteristics differed significantly between different maturity types and hybrids. Maturity, grain filling and dehydrating characteristics should be well considered for variety arrangement in maize production in order to achieve higher maize yield, quality and photothermal resource utilization.

Key words: maize, maturity type, grain filling characteristics, grain dehydrating characteristics

表1

供试玉米品种的生育期与积温"

熟期类型
Maturity type		 品种
Hybrid		 吐丝期
Silking stage (month/day)		 生理成熟期
Physiological maturity (month/day)		 生育期
Growing period (d)		 吐丝期-生理
成熟期天数
Days from silking stage to physiological
maturity (d)		 吐丝期-生理成熟期积温
Accumulated temperature from silking stage to physiological
maturity (℃ d)
中早熟类型
Medium-early maturity type		 吉单27 Jidan 27 7/9 9/1 107 54 1406.5
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 7/9 9/1 107 54 1406.5
农华101 Nonghua 101 7/10 9/1 108 53 1379.6
中熟类型
Medium
maturity type		 京单28 Jingdan 28 7/10 9/6 112 58 1488.8
先玉335 Xianyu 335 7/10 9/5 112 57 1467.2
NK718 7/13 9/8 113 57 1447.5
京华8号 Jinghua 8 7/13 9/9 114 58 1468.6
利民33 Limin 33 7/13 9/9 114 58 1468.6
京科528 Jingke 528 7/14 9/8 114 56 1417.1
京单38 Jingdan 38 7/10 9/5 114 57 1467.2
京科665 Jingke 665 7/10 9/8 116 60 1531.5
中晚熟类型
Medium-late maturity type		 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 7/14 9/16 121 64 1566.2
京科968 Jingke 968 7/13 9/15 121 64 1577.8

表2

不同熟期类型玉米品种的产量构成"

熟期类型
Maturity type		 品种
Hybrid		 穗粒数
Number of grains		 百粒重
100-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
中早熟类型
Medium-early maturity type		 吉单27 Jidan 27 555 ef 37.2 gh 11,062.0 hij
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 522 fg 38.8 e 10,875.5 ij
农华101 Nonghua 101 607 cd 35.5 i 10,249.5 j
平均值Average 561 37.2 10,729.0
中熟类型
Medium maturity type		 京单28 Jingdan 28 493 g 42.3 b 12,187.0 efg
先玉335 Xianyu 335 644 abc 38.4 ef 13,187.5 cde
NK718 654 abc 36.5 hi 13,999.0 abc
京华8号Jinghua 8 531 fg 40.9 c 12,000.5 fgh
利民33 Limin 33 686 a 32.5 j 11,714.5 ghi
京科528 Jingke 528 570 def 44.1 a 13,750.0 bcd
京单38 Jingdan 38 605 cde 39.1 de 12,625.5 efg
京科665 Jingke 665 677 ab 37.3 gh 14,299.5 ab
平均值Average 608 38.9 12,970.4
中晚熟类型
Medium-late maturity type		 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 628 bc 37.6 fg 12,813.0 def
京科968 Jingke 968 675 ab 40.1 cd 14,813.0 a
平均值Average 652 38.9 13,813.0
变异来源
Source of variation		 熟期类型Maturity type ** ** **
品种Hybrid ** ** **

表3

不同熟期类型玉米品种的灌浆特征参数"

熟期类型
Maturity type		 品种
Hybrid		 活跃灌浆期积温
P (℃)		 平均灌浆速率
Gave (g 100-grain-1 ℃-1)		 最大灌浆速率
Gmax (g 100-grain-1 ℃-1)
中早熟类型
Medium-early maturity type		 吉单27 Jidan 27 967.12 k 0.036 a 0.053 b
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 1001.41 j 0.036 a 0.054 ab
农华101 Nonghua 101 1180.04 h 0.028 c 0.042 d
平均值Average 1049.52 0.034 0.050
中熟类型
Medium maturity type		 京单28 Jingdan 28 1191.59 g 0.033 b 0.049 c
先玉335 Xianyu 335 1343.93 b 0.028 c 0.042 d
NK718 1258.63 e 0.028 c 0.041 d
京华8号 Jinghua 8 1009.70 i 0.038 a 0.056 a
利民33 Limin 33 1260.09 e 0.025 d 0.037 f
京科528 Jingke 528 1290.57 c 0.032 b 0.048 c
京单38 Jingdan 38 1218.27 f 0.033 b 0.048 c
京科665 Jingke 665 1270.15 d 0.027 cd 0.040 de
平均值Average 1230.37 0.031 0.045
中晚熟类型
Medium-late maturity type		 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 1423.28 a 0.026 d 0.038 ef
京科968 Jingke 968 1344.61 b 0.028 c 0.042 d
平均值Average 1383.95 0.027 0.040
变异来源
Source of variation		 熟期类型Maturity type ** ** **
品种Hybrid ** ** **

表4

不同熟期类型玉米品种的籽粒含水率和脱水速率"

熟期类型
Maturity type		 品种
Hybrid		 籽粒含水率
Grain moisture content (%)		 生理成熟前平均生理降水速率
Physiological
dehydration rate before
physiological
maturity [% (℃ d)-1]		 生理成熟后平均
物理脱水速率
Physical dehydration rate after physiological maturity [% (℃ d)-1]		 平均总脱水速率
Average total dehydration
rate [% (℃ d)-1]
生理成熟期
Physiological maturity		 收获期Harvest stage
中早熟类型
Medium-early maturity type		 吉单27 Jidan 27 26.6 e 23.0 bcd 0.045 a 0.012 f 0.028 cd
京农科728
Jingnongke 728		 30.2 abcd 19.8 f 0.043 ab 0.034 a 0.038 a
农华101 Nonghua 101 29.9 bcd 20.9 e 0.044 a 0.030 b 0.037 a
平均值Average 28.9 21.2 0.044 0.025 0.035
中熟类型
Medium
maturity type		 京单28 Jingdan 28 32.2 ab 22.3 cd 0.039 c 0.033 ab 0.036 a
先玉335 Xianyu 335 30.2 abcd 23.8 b 0.041 bc 0.022 cd 0.031 bc
NK718 30.2 abcd 23.2 bc 0.041 bc 0.024 c 0.032 b
京华8号 Jinghua 8 31.6 abc 22.1 d 0.040 bc 0.032 ab 0.036 a
利民33 Limin 33 32.4 a 22.4 cd 0.039 c 0.034 ab 0.037 a
京科528 Jingke 528 31.9 abc 22.6 cd 0.041 bc 0.032 ab 0.036 a
京单38 Jingdan 38 30.7 abcd 23.9 b 0.040 bc 0.023 cd 0.032 b
京科665 Jingke 665 29.1 d 23.9 b 0.040 bc 0.018 e 0.029 c
平均值Average 31.0 23.0 0.040 bc 0.027 0.034
中晚熟类型
Medium-late maturity type		 郑单958
Zhengdan 958		 30.0 abcd 25.5 a 0.038 c 0.016 ef 0.027 d
京科968 Jingke 968 29.5 cd 24.0 b 0.038 c 0.019 d 0.029 c
平均值Average 29.8 24.7 0.038 0.018 0.028
变异来源
Source of
variation		 熟期类型
Maturity type		 ** ** ** ** **
品种Hybrid ** ** ** ** **

表5

玉米籽粒灌浆、 脱水及产量参数的相关分析"

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