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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (8): 2115-2124.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13048

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

有机物料还田对夏玉米穗位叶光合性能及氮代谢的影响

裴丽珍1(), 陈远学1, 张雯雯1, 肖华1, 张森1, 周元1,2, 徐开未1,*()   

  1. 1四川农业大学资源学院, 四川成都 611130
    2简阳市农业技术推广中心, 四川简阳641400
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-28 接受日期:2021-11-30 出版日期:2022-08-12 网络出版日期:2021-12-21
  • 通讯作者: 徐开未
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1119152539@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    四川省应用基础研究重点项目(2020YJ0354);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300300)

Effects of organic material returned on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism of ear leaf in summer maize

PEI Li-Zhen1(), CHEN Yuan-Xue1, ZHANG Wen-Wen1, XIAO Hua1, ZHANG Sen1, ZHOU Yuan1,2, XU Kai-Wei1,*()   

  1. 1Resource College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2Jianyang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jianyang 641400, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2021-07-28 Accepted:2021-11-30 Published:2022-08-12 Published online:2021-12-21
  • Contact: XU Kai-Wei
  • Supported by:
    Key Application Foundation Project in Sichuan Province(2020YJ0354);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300300)

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摘要：

明晰不同物料还田对夏玉米穗位叶光合性能及氮代谢的影响, 为有效利用农业废弃物提供理论依据。2018—2019年在川中丘陵区石灰性紫色土上进行大田试验, 设置无物料还田(CK)、蚕豆秸秆还田(faba bean straw, FS)、油菜秸秆还田(rape straw, RS)、猪粪还田(pig manure, PM) 4个处理, 研究不同物料还田下夏玉米产量、叶片光合性能及氮代谢的特征。结果表明: (1) 不同有机物料还田第2年FS处理的玉米籽粒增产效果最佳, 比CK显著增加24.85%。 (2) 各物料还田处理的夏玉米叶面积指数、叶面积积累速率、群体光合势和光合色素含量, 随生育期推进均呈先增后降的趋势。与CK比, FS、PM处理提高叶面积指数、叶面积积累速率和群体光合势, 但RS处理有降低效果; 夏玉米六叶期光合色素含量在处理间差异不显著, 吐丝期叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均是RS处理比CK显著增加, 但吐丝后20 d时FS处理的叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素含量分别比RS处理显著增加34.67%、42.08%、36.24%。(3) 有机物料还田显著增加夏玉米穗位叶硝酸还原酶活性, 各还田处理的营养器官氮素积累与转运表现为FS、PM > RS。主成分分析结果表明, 不同物料还田下夏玉米光合性能、氮代谢能力表现为FS > PM > CK > RS。综上, 不同有机物料还田对玉米光合性能和氮代谢影响不同, 对比无物料还田和油菜秸秆还田, 蚕豆秸秆和猪粪还田更有利于提高叶片光合氮代谢能力, 促进营养器官中的光合代谢产物向籽粒运输, 从而为夏玉米籽粒产量的增加奠定基础。

关键词: 物料还田, 夏玉米, 光合性能, 氮代谢

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify the effects of returning different materials on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism of summer maize, and to provide a theoretical basis for the effective use of agricultural wastes. Field experiments were conducted on calcareous purple soil in hilly areas of central Sichuan in 2018 and 2019. Four treatments were set up, including no material returning (CK), faba bean straw (faba bean straw, FS), rape straw (rape straw, RS), and pig manure (pig manure, PM) returned. The yield, photosynthetic performance, and nitrogen metabolism of summer maize by different materials returned were studied. The experimental results show that: (1) By different organic materials returned, the effect of FS in the second year on maize grain yield was the best, which was significantly increased by 24.85% compared with the CK. (2) The leaf area index, leaf area accumulation rate, leaf area duration, and photosynthetic pigment content of summer maize each material returned all increased first and then decreased with the growth period. Compared with CK, FS, and PM could improve leaf area index, leaf area accumulation rate, and leaf area duration of summer maize, but the effect of RS was decreasing. The photosynthetic pigment content of summer maize at 6-leaf stage was not significantly different among treatments. The chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of RS at silking stage were the higher than CK. At 20 days after silking, the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll of FS were significantly increased by 34.67%, 42.08%, and 36.24% compared with RS, respectively. (3) Organic material returned significantly increased the nitrate reductase activity of summer maize, and the nitrogen accumulation and transport in vegetative organs of each returning treatment were FS, PM > RS. The results of principal component analysis revealed that the photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism capacity of summer maize by different materials returned to the field were FS > PM > CK > RS. In summary, the effects of different organic materials returned on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism of maize were different. Compared with no material and rape straw returned, faba bean straw and pig manure returned can improve the photosynthetic nitrogen metabolism ability of leaves, promote the transport of photosynthetic metabolites in vegetative organs to grains, and lay the foundation for the increase of grain yield of summer maize.

Key words: material returning, summer maize, photosynthetic performance, nitrogen metabolism

表1

试验前未施入有机物料的土壤基础理化性质"

土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 pH 有机质
Organic matter (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg kg-1)
0-20 7.81 18.02 0.89 80.48 12.03 48.49
20-40 8.00 7.09 0.50 45.20 4.98 36.88

图1

试验期间总降雨量与平均温度变化图"

图2

不同有机物料对夏玉米产量的影响 CK: 无物料还田; FS: 蚕豆秸秆还田; RS: 油菜秸秆; PM: 猪粪还田。误差线为标准误。不同小写字母代表处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

不同物料还田对夏玉米叶面积指数、叶面积积累速率和群体光合势的影响 CK: 无物料还田; FS: 蚕豆秸秆还田; RS: 油菜秸秆; PM: 猪粪还田。误差线为标准误。不同小写字母代表处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。(a)、(b)为叶面积指数; (c)、(d)为叶面积积累速率; (e)、(f)为群体光合势。6 leaf为六叶期; 12 leaf为十二叶期; Silking为吐丝期; 20 d after silking为吐丝期后20 d; Seeding-6 leaf为播种至六叶期; 6-12 leaf为六叶期至十二叶期; 12 leaf-Silking为十二叶期至吐丝期; 6 leaf-Silking为六叶期至吐丝期; Silking-20 d after silking为吐丝期至吐丝后20 d。"

图4

不同物料还田对夏玉米光合色素的影响 CK: 无物料还田; FS: 蚕豆秸秆还田; RS: 油菜秸秆; PM: 猪粪还田。误差线为标准误。不同小写字母代表处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。(a)为叶绿素a; (b)为叶绿素b; (c)为总叶绿素; (d)为类胡萝卜素。6 leaf为六叶期; Silking为吐丝期; 20 d after silking为吐丝期后20 d。"

表2

不同有机物料对夏玉米穗位叶总氮、氮代谢酶的影响"

处理
Treatment		 总氮
Total nitrogen (g kg-1)		 硝酸还原酶
Nitratase (nmol h-1 g-1)		 谷氨酰胺合成酶
Glutamine synthetase (μmol h-1 g-1)
无物料还田CK 24.54±0.33 ab 112.14±8.47 b 7.84±0.68 a
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 26.03±0.62 ab 158.38±13.90 ab 8.50±1.60 a
油菜秸秆还田RS 23.16±1.68 b 165.36±15.11 a 8.65±0.34 a
猪粪还田PM 26.27±0.40 a 180.78±21.46 a 8.87±0.60 a

表3

有机物料还田对夏玉米营养器官氮养分积累与转运的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 花前积累量Accumulation before silking
(kg hm-2)		 花后积累量
Accumulation after silking
(kg hm-2)		 转运量
Volume of transshipment
(kg hm-2)		 转运率
Transport rate (%)		 氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献率
Contribution rate of nitrogen transport amount to grain
(%)
2018 无物料还田CK 46.89±3.23 bc 21.35±1.79 b 25.53±4.75 ab 53.54±8.54 a 66.93±4.62 a
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 54.76±0.98 ab 23.58±1.45 ab 31.19±2.20 a 56.86±3.14 a 69.84±3.24 a
油菜秸秆还田RS 42.97±6.39 c 23.82±2.87 ab 19.15±3.04 b 44.32±4.14 a 73.06±0.46 a
猪粪还田PM 58.83±1.96 a 30.06±2.53 a 28.77±1.38 ab 49.04±3.08 a 49.64±7.19 b
2019 无物料还田CK 51.83±2.19 b 18.60±2.32 b 33.23±2.00 c 60.57±2.50 b 60.07±5.02 b
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 63.51±2.05 a 18.44±0.85 b 45.07±1.20 a 70.99±0.40 a 60.91±6.36 b
油菜秸秆还田RS 57.97±1.77 ab 20.20±1.27 b 37.77±2.55 bc 65.04±2.72 b 84.56±1.66 a
猪粪还田PM 65.08±2.87 a 25.54±1.71 a 39.54±1.27 ab 60.83±0.99 b 47.45±4.62 b

表4

有机物料还田下夏玉米光合性能、氮代谢的主成分方差贡献"

主成分
Principal component		 特征值Eigenvalue 贡献率
Contribution rate (%)		 累积贡献率
Cumulative contribution rate (%)
PC1 6.344 70.485 70.485
PC2 1.348 14.980 85.465
PC3 0.664 7.378 92.843
PC4 0.374 4.156 96.999
PC5 0.179 1.991 98.990
PC6 0.058 0.643 99.633
PC7 0.014 0.160 99.792
PC8 0.011 0.117 99.909
PC9 0.008 0.091 100.000

表5

有机物料还田下夏玉米光合性能、氮代谢的主成分载荷矩阵、特征向量"

指标
Index		 主成分载荷矩阵Principal component loading matrix 主成分特征向量Principal component feature vector
PC1 PC2 PC1 PC2
LAI (X1) 0.780 0.544 0.096 0.135
LAAR (X2) 0.819 0.508 0.116 0.104
LAD (X3) 0.887 0.205 0.212 -0.096
Chl a (X4) 0.976 0.099 0.264 -0.183
Chl b (X5) 0.976 0.144 0.253 -0.155
Carotin (X6) 0.888 0.335 0.180 -0.018
NR (X7) 0.024 0.951 -0.229 0.568
GS (X8) 0.357 0.807 -0.095 0.398
TN (X9) 0.523 0.487 0.034 0.164

表6

有机物料还田下夏玉米光合性能、氮代谢的综合评价表"

处理
Treatment		 PC1 PC2 综合评分
Composite score		 排名
Rank
无物料还田CK -0.006 -1.265 -0.194 3
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 0.720 -0.669 0.407 1
油菜秸秆还田RS -1.060 0.399 -0.687 4
猪粪还田PM -0.105 1.107 0.092 2
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