作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 472-484.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23028
徐彤1,2(), 吕艳杰1,2, 邵玺文1, 耿艳秋1, 王永军1,2,*()
XU Tong1,2(), LYU Yan-Jie1,2, SHAO Xi-Wen1, GENG Yan-Qiu1, WANG Yong-Jun1,2,*()
摘要:
合理的冠层结构能够保障作物群体生产功能得到充分发挥, 而喷施化学调控物质是塑造作物冠层的重要措施之一, 其中化控时期的选择至关重要。本研究以先玉335为供试品种, 分别在60,000株hm-2 (D1)和90,000株hm-2 (D2) 2个种植密度下, 设置3个化控处理(化控剂为乙烯利复配剂), T10 (十叶期喷施450 L hm-2化控试剂)、T15 (十五叶期喷施450 L hm-2化控试剂)、CK (喷施清水作对照), 研究了在不同密度下的不同时期化控处理对玉米冠层结构的调控, 分析了冠层结构改变对籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。结果表明, 在D1密度下, 化控处理对产量影响不显著, 而在D2密度下, T15较CK两年平均增产7.3%, 穗粒数和千粒重分别增加2.6%和3.6%, T10处理穗粒数和千粒重均降低。T15处理吐丝期上部叶夹角降低17.5%, 十四至十七叶位的叶面积减小, 使穗位层光能截获率增加11.5%, 在乳熟期净光合速率(Pn)仍能维持较高, 完熟期群体叶面积指数(LAI)显著提高51.3%, 延缓了中下部叶片衰老, 增加花后干物质积累及其向籽粒中转移, 延长了籽粒灌浆活跃期(P), 使得达到最大灌浆速率时天数(Tmax)缩短了0.8 d, 灌浆速率最大时生长量(Wmax)和最大灌浆速率(Gmax)分别增加了7.3%和4.0%, 平均灌浆速率(Vmax)提高了6.9%。与D1相比, D2条件下喷施化控剂更加显著改善玉米冠层结构, 提高玉米群体的光能利用率, 增加花后干物质积累量, 促进产量增加。相关分析表明, 在D2密度下, 上部叶片(十四至十七)的叶面积与冠层中部光能截获率、穗粒数、千粒重、产量呈负相关, 同时产量与千粒重、穗粒数、净光合速率、花后干物质积累量、灌浆速率最大时的生长量、灌浆速率均呈正相关。综上所述, 在高密度下十五叶期喷施化控剂能够有效改善玉米群体上部冠层结构, 使其叶面积和叶夹角减小, 优化群体的光照条件, 增强灌浆后期光合能力, 提高籽粒灌浆速率, 实现光资源利用和产量的协同提高。
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