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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 472-484.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23028

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同时期化控对密植玉米冠层结构及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

徐彤1,2(), 吕艳杰1,2, 邵玺文1, 耿艳秋1, 王永军1,2,*()   

  1. 1吉林农业大学农学院, 吉林长春 1301182
    2吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 / 主粮作物国家工程研究中心, 吉林长春 130033
  • 收稿日期:2022-03-15 接受日期:2022-06-07 出版日期:2022-07-08 网络出版日期:2022-07-08
  • 通讯作者: 王永军
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15075235692@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    吉林省农业科技创新工程(CXGC2017JQ006);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300303);国家自然科学基金项目(31701349)

Effect of different times of spraying chemical regulator on the canopy structure and grain filling characteristics of high planting densities

XU Tong1,2(), LYU Yan-Jie1,2, SHAO Xi-Wen1, GENG Yan-Qiu1, WANG Yong-Jun1,2,*()   

  1. 1Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 131182, Jilin, China
    2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Sciences / State Engineering Research Center of Predominant Food Crops, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
  • Received:2022-03-15 Accepted:2022-06-07 Published:2022-07-08 Published online:2022-07-08
  • Contact: WANG Yong-Jun
  • Supported by:
    Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Jilin Province(CXGC2017JQ006);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300303);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701349)

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摘要：

合理的冠层结构能够保障作物群体生产功能得到充分发挥, 而喷施化学调控物质是塑造作物冠层的重要措施之一, 其中化控时期的选择至关重要。本研究以先玉335为供试品种, 分别在60,000株hm-2 (D1)和90,000株hm-2 (D2) 2个种植密度下, 设置3个化控处理(化控剂为乙烯利复配剂), T10 (十叶期喷施450 L hm-2化控试剂)、T15 (十五叶期喷施450 L hm-2化控试剂)、CK (喷施清水作对照), 研究了在不同密度下的不同时期化控处理对玉米冠层结构的调控, 分析了冠层结构改变对籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。结果表明, 在D1密度下, 化控处理对产量影响不显著, 而在D2密度下, T15较CK两年平均增产7.3%, 穗粒数和千粒重分别增加2.6%和3.6%, T10处理穗粒数和千粒重均降低。T15处理吐丝期上部叶夹角降低17.5%, 十四至十七叶位的叶面积减小, 使穗位层光能截获率增加11.5%, 在乳熟期净光合速率(Pn)仍能维持较高, 完熟期群体叶面积指数(LAI)显著提高51.3%, 延缓了中下部叶片衰老, 增加花后干物质积累及其向籽粒中转移, 延长了籽粒灌浆活跃期(P), 使得达到最大灌浆速率时天数(Tmax)缩短了0.8 d, 灌浆速率最大时生长量(Wmax)和最大灌浆速率(Gmax)分别增加了7.3%和4.0%, 平均灌浆速率(Vmax)提高了6.9%。与D1相比, D2条件下喷施化控剂更加显著改善玉米冠层结构, 提高玉米群体的光能利用率, 增加花后干物质积累量, 促进产量增加。相关分析表明, 在D2密度下, 上部叶片(十四至十七)的叶面积与冠层中部光能截获率、穗粒数、千粒重、产量呈负相关, 同时产量与千粒重、穗粒数、净光合速率、花后干物质积累量、灌浆速率最大时的生长量、灌浆速率均呈正相关。综上所述, 在高密度下十五叶期喷施化控剂能够有效改善玉米群体上部冠层结构, 使其叶面积和叶夹角减小, 优化群体的光照条件, 增强灌浆后期光合能力, 提高籽粒灌浆速率, 实现光资源利用和产量的协同提高。

关键词: 玉米, 化控, 冠层结构, 籽粒灌浆, 产量

Abstract:

A proper canopy structure ensures that the productive functions of the crop community are fully utilized, the spraying chemical regulator is one of the most important measures to shape the crop canopy, among which the selection of chemical control period is very crucial. The maize variety Xianyu 335 was used as the experimental material, field experiments were conducted with three treatments with two planting densities at 60,000 plants hm-2 (D1) and 90,000 plants hm-2 (D2) (chemical regulator made of ethephon), T10 (spray chemical regulator at the 10-leaf), T15 (spray chemical regulator at the 15-leaf), and CK (spray water as control). Therefore, it is important to explore the regulation of maize canopy structure and analyze the effect of changing canopy structure on grain-filling characteristics and yield. The results showed that at D1 density, the chemical regulator treatment had no significant effect on yield; at D2 density, compared with the CK, yield of T15 increased by 7.3% on average in two years, the number of kernel and the 1000-kernel weight increased by 2.6% and 3.3%, respectively, the number of kernels and the 1000-kernel weight decreased in T10. The upper leaf angle was reduced by 17.5% at T15 and the leaf area at the 14-17 leaf position was reduced, increased the light energy interception at the ear position leaf at 11.5%, and maintained a high net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at milk stage, a significant increase of 51.3% in leaf area index (LAI) at the physiological maturity, delayed the senescence of the lower and middle leaves, increased dry matter accumulation of post anthesis and the transfer amount of dry matter, extended active grain filling period (P), reduced the days of maximum grain filling (Tmax) by 0.8 d, increased the weight of maximum grain filling rate (Wmax) and maximum grain-filling rate (Gmax) by 7.3% and 4.0% respectively and increased average grain-filling rate (Vmax) by 6.9%. Compared with D1, D2 significantly improved maize canopy structure, increased light energy utilization in maize populations, increased post-flowering dry matter accumulation, and promoted yield. After the chemical regulator treatment, leaf area of the upper leaves (14-17) was negatively correlated with light energy interception in the middle of the canopy, kernel number, 1000-kernel weight, and yield, and the yield was positively correlated with 1000-kernel weight, kernel number, net photosynthetic rate, post-flowering dry matter accumulation, the weight of maximum grain filling rate and the grain-filling rate. In summary, the spraying of the chemical regulator at the 15-leaf stage of high density was effective in improving the upper canopy structure of the population, resulting in a reduction in leaf area and leaf angle to optimize the light conditions of the population, and enhanced photosynthetic capacity at the late of grain filling, increased grain-filling rate, and it can achieve efficient utilization of light energy and synergistic increase in yield.

Key words: maize, chemical regulator, canopy structure, grain-filling, yield

图1

2019年和2020年玉米生长季降雨量和平均温度"

表1

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米产量及产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 化控处理
Treatment		 公顷有效穗数
Productive ears per
hectare		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
2019 D1 CK 55,677.7±1268.9 c 569.8±7.6 b 315.1±1.1 ab 11.6±0.2 cd
T10 56,410.3±1268.9 c 561.5±5.3 b 308.3±7.9 ab 11.3±0.1 d
T15 56,410.3±1268.9 c 572.5±13.8 b 316.8±1.7 a 11.9±0.1 bcd
D2 CK 75,457.9±1268.9 b 465.0±3.9 e 295.7±4.4 d 12.1±0.4 bc
T10 84,249.1±1268.9 b 430.1±6.3 f 280.5±6.1 e 11.8±0.4 bcd
T15 76,190.5±1268.9 a 475.0±4.6 e 306.1±2.8 bc 12.9±0.2 a
2020 D1 CK 55,677.7±1268.9 c 588.4±5.9 a 317.0±1.8 a 12.1±0.3 bc
T10 57,875.5±2537.8 c 593.0±5.0 a 299.1±11.7 cd 11.9±0.3 bcd
T15 57,142.9±2197.8 c 593.9±4.8 a 312.4±3.0 ab 12.3±0.3 b
D2 CK 74,725.3±2197.8 b 488.5±6.2 d 282.9±4.4 e 12.0±0.1 bc
T10 82,783.9±1268.9 a 469.6±7.4 e 265.6±0.3 f 12.0±0.1 bc
T15 75,457.9±2537.8 b 502.9±4.4 c 293.4±3.1 d 12.9±0.6 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ns ** ** *
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
Y×D ns ns ** ns
Y×T ns * ns ns
D×T ** ** ** *
Y×D×T ns ns ns ns

图2

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米株高和穗位高的影响 处理同表1。不同小写字母在0.05水平差异显著。"

表2

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米叶茎夹角和光能截获率的影响"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 化控处理
Treatment		 叶夹角Leaf angel (°) 光能截获率Light interception rate (%)
上部
Upper leaf		 中部
Middle leaf		 下部
Lower leaf		 上部
Upper leaf		 中部
Middle leaf		 下部
Lower leaf
2019 D1 CK 30.2±0.6 a 34.8±0.8 ab 39.4±4.5 a 67.4±8.2 b 76.7±1.9 efg 95.6±1.7 abc
T10 27.6±0.3 bc 36.3±0.8 ab 37.8±0.7 ab 57.5±1.1 cd 79.8±2.4 de 95.1±1.7 bcd
T15 26.1±0.6 def 38.1±1.8 a 33.0±4.3 bcde 49.8±2.1 ef 86.7±2.2 bc 95.0±2.5 bcd
D2 CK 28.5±0.6 b 30.1±0.3 c 28.9±0.3 ef 77.0±3.6 a 82.4±4.1 cd 97.1±0.8 ab
T10 25.4±0.9 ef 33.4±0.9 bc 26.5±0.4 f 67.9±0.5 b 85.1±3.3 bc 96.6±1.3 ab
T15 23.7±0.6 g 35.0±0.9 ab 32.3±1.4 cde 55.2±2.8 de 92.1±0.3 a 97.7±0.8 a
2020 D1 CK 28.7±0.5 b 34.7±3.4 ab 36.9±3.9 abc 62.0±0.7 c 72.4±0.6 g 91.3±0.8 de
T10 26.2±0.5 cdf 38.1±3.9 a 37.0±1.6 abc 52.5±0.9 de 74.6±2.2 fg 90.9±2.1 e
T15 25.2±1.4 ef 37.0±3.7 ab 37.0±2.8 abc 46.4±1.4 f 78.0±5.1 def 90.9±0.4 e
D2 CK 27.3±1.0 bcd 30.6±0.5 c 34.9±1.4 abcd 72.2±1.0 ab 79.6±2.0 de 92.8±0.6 de
T10 24.6±0.8 fg 34.8±0.2 ab 31.0±2.2 def 62.0±0.7 c 82.1±2.8 cd 93.3±0.9 cde
T15 22.3±1.2 h 34.7±0.7 ab 36.1±2.7 abc 54.0±2.3 de 88.5±1.2 ab 94.0±0.8 cde
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ** ns ** ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ns ** ** ns
Y×D ns ns * ns ns ns
Y×T ns ns ns ns ns ns
D×T ns ns ** ns ns ns
Y×D×P ns ns ns ns ns ns

图3

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米叶面积指数的影响 处理同表1。V15: 十五叶期, Vt: 吐丝期, R3: 乳熟期, R4: 蜡熟期, R6: 完熟期。**表示在0.01水平上差异显著; *表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

图4

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米叶面积的影响 处理同表1。"

图5

不同叶位的叶面积与冠层光能截获率、产量及产量构成因素的关系 处理同表1。AL: 上部冠层光能截获率; EL: 中部冠层光能截获率; UL: 下部冠层光能截获率; TKW: 千粒重。**表示在0.01水平上差异显著; *表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

表3

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米光合特性的影响(2020)"

生育时期Period 密度
Density		 化控处理Treatment 净光合速率
Pn (µmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Gs (mmol m-2 s-1)		 胞间CO2浓度
Ci (µmol m-2 s-1)		 蒸腾速率
Tr (mmol m-2 s-1)
Vt D1 CK 32.0±0.8 a 0.7±0.1 ab 261.0±11.3 de 6.9±0.8 bc
T10 31.4±1.3 a 0.5±0.1 bcd 274.4±8.9 cde 7.3±0.9 ab
T15 33.3±1.3 a 0.7±0.2 a 288.0±19.7 abc 9.2±1.4 a
D2 CK 24.8±0.8 cd 0.6±0.3 abc 264.1±9.0 de 4.4±1.2 de
T10 23.8±3.0 d 0.3±0.1 de 236.2±13.2 f 4.9±1.7 cde
T15 28.1±1.5 b 0.5±0.1 abcd 229.7±7.3 f 7.7±1.7 ab
R3 D1 CK 27.3±3.0 bc 0.5±0.1 bcd 302.3±9.8 a 6.1±1.1 bcd
T10 27.7±0.8 bc 0.4±0.1 cde 292.5±8.8 abc 6.0±0.7 bcd
T15 28.0±1.9 b 0.6±0.1 abc 299.1±14.8 ab 7.7±1.5 ab
D2 CK 17.9±1.1 e 0.2±0.0 e 279.5±8.1 bcd 3.0±0.3 e
T10 18.4±2.1 e 0.3±0.0 de 262.5±9.5 de 4.3±0.5 de
T15 23.6±1.3 d 0.4±0.1 bcde 257.1±1.3 e 4.7±0.4 de
变异来源
Source of variation		 生育时期Period (P) ** ns ** **
密度Density (D) ** * ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ns **
P×D ns ns ns ns
P×T ** ns ns ns
D×T ns ns ** ns
P×D×T ns ** ns ns

表4

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米花后干物质积累与转运的影响"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 化控处理
Treatment		 花后干物质积累量
Dry matter accumulation post anthesis
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移量
Transfer amount of dry matter
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移率
Translocation
efficiency of dry matter (%)		 转移干物质对籽粒贡献率
Contribution rate to the grain of dry matter
transportation (%)
2019 D1 CK 10,627.0±284.8 f 1768.6±104.8 e 19.3±0.9 ef 16.4±1.1 c
T10 10,389.7±230.3 f 1441.3±16.0 f 17.7±0.1 fg 13.8±0.4 e
T15 10,565.7±159.4 f 2024.8±95.7 cd 20.7±0.6 de 18.6±0.7 b
D2 CK 11,224.4±218.8 e 2203.6±18.1 c 20.1±0.4 de 18.7±0.0 b
T10 11,432.9±173.3 de 1964.0±75.1 d 18.1±0.7 fg 17.4±0.5 c
T15 13,194.0±114.7 a 3489.1±230.8 a 30.0±1.9 a 23.8±0.8 a
2020 D1 CK 9638.8±56.5 g 1708.1±115.9 e 17.9±1.3 fg 16.8±1.0 c
T10 10,734.5±468.6 f 1709.0±124.7 e 17.4±1.2 g 15.2±0.4 d
T15 11,942.0±286.8 bc 2449.6±44.2 b 24.6±0.5 c 18.6±0.5 b
D2 CK 11,760.4±423.4 cd 2482.8±53.0 b 21.5±0.2 d 19.8±0.3 b
T10 12,354.5±37.1 b 2195.8±140.6 c 18.5±1.0 fg 16.8±0.9 c
T15 13,571.8±222.2 a 3510.5±42.2 a 26.4±0.4 b 23.2±0.6 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 年份Year (Y) ** ** ns ns
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
化控处理Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
Y×D * ns * ns
Y×T ** ns ns ns
D×T ** ** ** **
Y×D×T ** ns ** ns

图6

不同种植密度和不同时期化控对玉米百粒重的影响 处理同表1。**表示在0.01水平上差异显著; *表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

表5

不同时期化控对籽粒灌浆参数的影响"

年份
Year		 密度
Density		 处理
Treatment		 A B C 决定系数
R2		 Tmax
(d)		 Gmax
(g d-1)		 Wmax
(g)		 Vmean
(g d-1)		 P
(d)
2019 D1 CK 34.70 18.99 0.13 0.997 23.05 1.11 17.35 0.58 46.99
T10 34.26 21.33 0.13 0.998 23.42 1.12 17.13 0.58 45.92
T15 36.13 16.32 0.13 0.997 22.10 1.14 18.06 0.61 47.49
D2 CK 32.25 20.75 0.13 0.997 22.79 1.07 16.12 0.56 45.10
T10 30.93 22.32 0.13 0.998 23.08 1.04 15.46 0.53 44.59
T15 34.26 17.77 0.13 0.998 21.68 1.14 17.13 0.60 45.20
2020 D1 CK 33.47 21.40 0.14 0.997 22.38 1.15 16.73 0.59 43.84
T10 33.07 22.99 0.14 0.997 22.72 1.14 16.54 0.58 43.49
T15 34.84 18.19 0.13 0.996 21.85 1.16 17.42 0.61 45.18
D2 CK 31.26 23.96 0.14 0.999 22.37 1.11 15.63 0.57 42.25
T10 30.22 25.99 0.14 0.995 22.64 1.09 15.11 0.55 41.70
T15 33.90 18.40 0.13 0.997 21.80 1.13 16.95 0.60 44.92

图7

产量及产量构成因素与花后干物质积累量、光合特性及灌浆参数的相关性 TKW: 千粒重; KN: 穗粒数; Pn: 净光合速率; DMA: 花后干物质积累量; Gmax: 最大灌浆速率; Tmax: 到达最大灌浆速率时的天数; Wmax: 灌浆速率最大时的生长量; Vmean: 平均灌浆速率; P: 籽粒灌浆活跃期。**表示在0.01水平上差异显著; *表示在0.05水平上差异显著。"

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