匀播和条播小麦产量及干物质积累对春季灌水量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21069

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (10): 2833-2844.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21069

匀播和条播小麦产量及干物质积累对春季灌水量的响应

于慧玲¹(), 阚茗溪¹, 徐哲莉², 马瑞琦¹, 刘阿康¹^,³, 王德梅¹, 王艳杰¹, 杨玉双¹, 赵广才¹, 常旭虹¹()

¹中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业农业部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京 100081
²石家庄市农林科学研究院赵县实验基地, 河北石家庄 051530
³全国农业技术推广服务中心粮食作物技术处, 北京 100125

收稿日期:2022-10-30 接受日期:2023-04-18 出版日期:2023-10-12 网络出版日期:2023-04-28
通讯作者: 常旭虹, E-mail: changxuhong@caas.cn
作者简介:E-mail: huilingyu123@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(32071952);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-16);中国农业科学院重大任务小麦藏粮于技项目(CAAS-ZDRW202002)

Yield and dry matter accumulation of wheat in response to spring irrigation water in uniform sowing and strip sowing

YU Hui-Ling¹(), KAN Ming-Xi¹, XU Zhe-Li², MA Rui-Qi¹, LIU A-Kang¹^,³, WANG De-Mei¹, WANG Yan-Jie¹, YANG Yu-Shuang¹, ZHAO Guang-Cai¹, CHANG Xu-Hong¹()

¹Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
²Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 051530, Hebei, China
³National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center Grain Crop Technology Division, Beijing 100125, China

Received:2022-10-30 Accepted:2023-04-18 Published:2023-10-12 Published online:2023-04-28
Contact: E-mail: changxuhong@caas.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071952);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03-16);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202002)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确新型播种方式立体匀播条件下小麦干物质积累及对水分的利用情况, 挖掘播种方式节水潜力。本试验于2020—2021年冬小麦生长季在石家庄和北京2个试点进行同步试验, 以中筋节水型小麦“轮选103”为供试品种, 采用裂区试验设计, 主区设3个灌水量: 600 m³ hm^-2 (W₁)、900 m³ hm^-2 (W₂)和1200 m³ hm^-2 (W₃); 副区为立体匀播(S₁)和常规条播(S₂)两种播种方式, 从产量构成、物质积累与转运、水分利用角度研究不同播种方式下小麦对春季灌水量的响应差异, 为小麦节水生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明: 相同灌水量条件下, 立体匀播产量高于常规条播, 主要是其叶面积指数(LAI)较高, 且随着生育进程的推进变化较为稳定; 同时, 匀播小麦功能叶的光合性能优于条播, 利于合成更多的有机物, 使得匀播小麦各器官的干物质积累量和花后光合积累量均高于条播, 提高水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE), 表现出较好的产量优势。当灌水量为600 m³ hm^-2 (W₁)时, 匀播较条播产量增加最多, 为832.0 kg hm^-2, 增幅为9.89%, 茎鞘、叶片和穗的干物质量匀播较条播平均增加25.15%、27.64%和18.68%, WUE和IWUE分别显著提高11.16%和9.92%; 播种方式间的最大相对生长速率在灌水量为900 m³ hm^-2 (W₂)时差异最大, 匀播较条播快0.021~0.025 g 株^-1 d^-1, 在该灌水量下干物质积累最大相对生长速率出现的时间(t_m)提前, 快速生长期持续的天数(Δt)最短, 且石家庄试点出现的时间早于北京试点; 花后光合积累量在灌水量为1200 m³ hm^-2 (W₃)时匀播显著高于条播, 匀播较条播平均增产4.37%。灰色关联度分析表明, 两试点匀播小麦的穗数、千粒重与产量密切相关, 而条播小麦的净光合速率与产量的关联度较高。总体分析发现, 相同灌水量下, 与常规条播相比, 匀播小麦通过提高LAI延长高值持续期, 或者提高净光合速率, 或者促进干物质积累而提高产量, 尤其在较低的灌水量条件下, 选用匀播播种方式, 可在相同的灌水投入下, 高效利用水量, 从而获得较高的产量, 增加效益。因此, 匀播方式更适合生产中灌水条件不足的地区, 可以充分发挥其高效节水功能。

关键词: 播种方式, 灌水量, 干物质积累, 产量

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify the dry matter accumulation and water use of wheat under the new sowing method of tridimensional uniform sowing and to explore the water saving potential of the sowing method. The experiment was conducted in two pilot sites in Shijiazhuang and Beijing during growing season of winter wheat from 2020 to 2021, using medium gluten and water-saving wheat Lunxuan 103 as the experimental variety. To study the differences of wheat response to spring irrigation under different sowing methods from the perspectives of yield composition, material accumulation and transport, and water utilization, and to provide the theoretical basis and technical support for water-saving wheat, the experiment was conducted with three irrigation rates in the main zone [600 m³ hm^-2(W₁), 900 m³ hm^-2 (W₂), and 1200 m³ hm^-2 (W₃)] and two sowing methods [tridimensional uniform sowing (S₁) and conventional strip sowing (S₂)] in the secondary zone. The results showed that, under the same irrigation rate, the yield of tridimensional uniform sowing was higher than that of conventional strip sowing, mainly because leaf area index (LAI) was higher and changed more steadily with the advancement of the reproductive process. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic performance of the functional leaves of uniform sowing wheat was better than that of strip sowing, which facilitated the synthesis of more organic matter, resulting in higher dry matter accumulation and post-flowering photosynthetic accumulation of all organs of uniform sowing wheat than that of strip sowing, and improved WUE and IWUE, showing a better yield advantage. When the irrigation rate was 600 m³ hm^-2 (W₁), compared with the strip sowing, the yield of uniform sowing increased the most by 832.0 kg hm^-2 with an increase of 9.89%. The dry matter mass of stem sheath, leaf, and spike increased by 25.15%, 27.64%, and 18.68%, and WUE and IWUE increased by 11.16% and 9.92%, respectively. The maximum relative growth rate of different sowing methods was the highest when the irrigation amount was 900 m³ hm^-2 (W₂), the maximum relative growth rate of dry matter accumulation (0.021-0.025 g plant^-1 day^-1) occurred earlier than strip sowing, and the maximum relative growth rate of dry matter accumulation at the irrigation rate appeared earlier (t_m), and the duration of the rapid growth period (Δt) was the shortest, and appeared earlier in Shijiazhuang than Beijing. The post-flowering photosynthetic accumulation at 1200 m³ hm^-2 (W₃) was significantly higher than strip sowing, and the average yield increase was 4.37%. The gray correlation analysis showed that the number of spikes and 1000-grain weight of uniform sowing wheat were closely related to yield, while the net photosynthetic rate of strip sowing wheat was more correlated with yield in both sites. These results revealed that, under the same irrigation amount, compared with the conventional strip sowing, uniformly sown wheat could increase its yield by increasing LAI to prolong the duration of high values, or increasing net photosynthetic rate, or promoting dry matter accumulation. Especially under the condition of lower irrigation amount, the method of uniform sowing could achieve higher yield and increase benefit by efficient water use with the same irrigation input. Therefore, the uniform sowing was more suitable for areas with insufficient irrigation conditions in production, and could give full play to its efficient water-saving function.

Key words: sowing pattern, irrigation, dry matter accumulation, yield

于慧玲, 阚茗溪, 徐哲莉, 马瑞琦, 刘阿康, 王德梅, 王艳杰, 杨玉双, 赵广才, 常旭虹. 匀播和条播小麦产量及干物质积累对春季灌水量的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2023, 49(10): 2833-2844.

YU Hui-Ling, KAN Ming-Xi, XU Zhe-Li, MA Rui-Qi, LIU A-Kang, WANG De-Mei, WANG Yan-Jie, YANG Yu-Shuang, ZHAO Guang-Cai, CHANG Xu-Hong. Yield and dry matter accumulation of wheat in response to spring irrigation water in uniform sowing and strip sowing[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(10): 2833-2844.

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试点 Experimental site	经纬度 Latitude and longitude	海拔 Altitude (m)	种植生态区 Ecological area	全年≥10℃积温 Accumulated temperature (≥10℃) of growth period (℃)	生育期>0℃积温 Accumulated temperature (>0℃) of growth period (℃)	无霜期 Frost-free period (d)
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	37°27'N, 113°30'E	78	黄淮冬麦区 Huang-Huai winter wheat region	4844	2206	197
北京 Beijing	39°57'N, 116°19'E	46	北部冬麦区 Northern winter wheat region	4777	2330	211

试点 Experimental site	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg kg^-1)	pH
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	19.2	1.2	109.8	28.8	183.7	8.4
北京Beijing	23.5	1.2	95.3	22.1	206.8	8.3

试点 Experimental site	灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain per spike	穗数 Spikes (×10⁴ hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	经济系数 HI (%)
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	W₁	S₁	9292.6 c	42.5 b	613.6 a	46.61 c	0.48 b
		S₂	8556.7 d	46.2 a	480.4 b	46.59 c	0.50 a
	W₂	S₁	9311.8 c	42.3 b	619.2 a	47.65 bc	0.50 a
		S₂	9264.9 c	46.7 a	487.4 b	47.54 bc	0.50 a
	W₃	S₁	9898.0 a	40.9 c	654.4 a	48.12 b	0.50 a
		S₂	9500.9 b	46.8 a	509.3 b	49.99 a	0.51 a
北京 Beijing	W₁	S₁	9188.2 ab	43.6 c	576.0 b	48.24 ab	0.53 c
		S₂	8260.1 c	47.5 b	531.0 d	44.87 c	0.55 b
	W₂	S₁	9480.2 a	44.0 c	585.6 b	48.86 ab	0.54 c
		S₂	8823.9 b	47.8 b	578.1 bcd	46.30 bc	0.56 ab
	W₃	S₁	9679.6 a	44.4 c	629.9 a	49.84 a	0.54 c
		S₂	9256.3 ab	49.2 a	606.1 cd	47.12 abc	0.56 a

试点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	Logistic方程 Logistic equation	V_m (g plant^-1 d^-1)	持续时间Duration (d)				R²
试点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	Logistic方程 Logistic equation	V_m (g plant^-1 d^-1)	t₁	t₂	t_m	Δt	R²
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	W₁S₁	y = 7.7773/[1+e^{(2.2386−0.110050}^t⁾]	0.214	8.4	32.3	20.3	23.9	0.99529
	W₁S₂	y = 7.7246/[1+e^{(2.3212−0.106414}^t⁾]	0.206	9.4	34.2	21.8	24.8	0.99413
	W₂S₁	y = 8.2821/[1+e^{(2.3029−0.118371}^t⁾]	0.245	8.3	30.6	19.5	22.3	0.99686
	W₂S₂	y = 8.1885/[1+e^{(2.3087−0.109060}^t⁾]	0.223	9.1	33.2	21.2	24.2	0.99151
	W₃S₁	y = 8.9725/[1+e^{(1.8837−0.098018}^t⁾]	0.220	5.8	32.7	19.2	26.9	1.00000
	W₃S₂	y = 8.5896/[1+e^{(1.9501−0.098988}^t⁾]	0.213	6.4	33.0	19.7	26.6	0.98269
北京 Beijing	W₁S₁	y = 9.4237/[1+e^{(2.2775 −0.079217}^t⁾]	0.187	12.1	45.4	28.8	33.3	0.97068
	W₁S₂	y = 8.9926/[1+e^{(2.1281−0.074001}^t⁾]	0.166	11.0	46.6	28.8	35.6	0.99002
	W₂S₁	y = 9.6812/[1+e^{(2.1887−0.084410}^t⁾]	0.204	10.3	41.5	25.9	31.2	0.99465
	W₂S₂	y = 9.2403/[1+e^{(2.1876−0.079164}^t⁾]	0.183	11.0	44.3	27.6	33.3	0.98808
	W₃S₁	y = 10.2497/[1+e^{(2.3078−0.087897}^t⁾]	0.225	11.3	41.2	26.3	30.0	0.99057
	W₃S₂	y = 9.7650/[1+e^{(2.3659−0.090817}^t⁾]	0.222	11.5	40.6	26.1	29.0	0.98864

部位 Part	处理 Treatment	河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei			北京Beijing
部位 Part	处理 Treatment	T (kg hm^-2)	TE (%)	TC (%)	T (kg hm^-2)	TE (%)	TC (%)
茎秆+叶鞘	W₁S₁	2480.33 b	22.89 b	23.33 cd	1190.14 b	11.45 c	11.16 c
Stem + Leaf sheath	W₁S₂	1830.17 c	22.51 b	21.98 d	1487.92 b	15.66 bc	16.20 bc
	W₂S₁	4009.69 a	31.26 a	35.59 a	3100.64 a	23.27 ab	26.86 a
	W₂S₂	2492.18 b	27.24 ab	27.62 bc	2094.88 b	18.79 abc	20.49 ab
	W₃S₁	3715.23 a	25.79 b	29.08 b	3878.56 a	25.91 a	28.96 a
	W₃S₂	2584.30 b	25.97 b	27.32 bcd	3555.99 a	26.02 a	28.15 a
叶片	W₁S₁	1440.37 a	38.41 a	13.49 a	1908.97 a	49.97 ab	17.81 a
Leaf	W₁S₂	783.01 a	29.32 a	8.98 a	1850.48 a	55.08 ab	20.25 a
	W₂S₁	1384.25 a	30.96 a	12.02 a	1938.08 a	47.78 ab	16.81 a
	W₂S₂	733.50 a	27.26 a	8.30 a	2101.66 a	55.68 a	19.68 a
	W₃S₁	1236.14 a	28.82 a	9.58 a	2111.02 a	44.10 b	15.78 a
	W₃S₂	869.68 a	28.14 a	9.20 a	2228.60 a	50.30 ab	17.63 a
颖壳+穗轴	W₁S₁	533.18 a	19.20 a	5.10 a	630.97 ab	24.87 ab	5.90 a
Glume + Spike axis	W₁S₂	391.59 a	19.15 a	4.71 a	237.94 ab	9.60 bc	2.62 ab
	W₂S₁	236.26 a	8.55 a	2.06 a	435.55 ab	16.24 abc	3.73 ab
	W₂S₂	186.01 a	8.83 a	2.12 a	137.04 b	4.61 c	1.32 b
	W₃S₁	349.33 a	12.36 a	2.76 a	437.61 ab	16.09 abc	3.26 ab
	W₃S₂	222.93 a	9.87 a	2.34 a	707.35 a	28.39 a	5.60 ab
总量	W₁S₁	4453.88 bc	25.78 a	41.92 ab	3730.08 c	20.82 c	34.87 c
Total	W₁S₂	3004.78 d	23.53 a	35.67 b	3576.35 c	22.15 bc	39.07 bc
	W₂S₁	5630.20 a	28.55 a	49.67 a	5474.27 ab	25.81 abc	47.40 ab
	W₂S₂	3411.69 cd	24.53 a	38.03 b	4333.58 bc	23.25 bc	42.36 abc
	W₃S₁	5300.70 ab	24.54 a	41.42 ab	6427.19 a	26.89 ab	48.00 ab
	W₃S₂	3676.91 cd	24.08 a	38.87 b	6491.95 a	29.40 a	51.37 a

匀播和条播小麦产量及干物质积累对春季灌水量的响应

Yield and dry matter accumulation of wheat in response to spring irrigation water in uniform sowing and strip sowing

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灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei		北京Beijing
灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	光合积累量 Photosynthetic accumulation (kg hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	光合积累量 Photosynthetic accumulation (kg hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
W₁	S₁	6215.76 ab	58.08 ab	6956.28 a	65.14 a
	S₂	5393.83 b	64.33 a	5570.03 b	60.93 a
W₂	S₁	5647.64 b	50.33 b	6375.93 ab	55.12 ab
	S₂	5560.77 b	61.97 a	5910.61 ab	54.77 ab
W₃	S₁	7512.80 a	58.58 ab	6390.22 ab	48.07 b
	S₂	5848.15 b	61.13 a	5642.73 ab	44.42 b

灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei			北京 Beijing
灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	ET_a (mm)	WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)	IWUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)	ET_a (mm)	WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)	IWUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)
W₁	S₁	337.4 c	27.54 a	61.95 a	277.5 c	33.12 a	61.25 a
	S₂	338.6 c	25.27 c	57.04 b	282.8 c	29.22 bc	55.07 b
W₂	S₁	361.4 b	25.77 b	51.73 c	311.9 b	30.40 b	52.67 bc
	S₂	365.6 b	25.34 bc	51.47 c	318.7 b	27.69 c	49.02 cd
W₃	S₁	396.1 a	24.99 c	47.13 d	339.9 a	28.48 bc	46.09 d
	S₂	400.7 a	23.71 d	45.24 e	345.2 a	26.87 c	44.08 d

试点 Experimental site	指标 Indicator	匀播Uniforming		条播Drilling
试点 Experimental site	指标 Indicator	关联度 Correlation degree	关联度排序 Relevance ranking	关联度Correlation degree	关联度排序Relevance ranking
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	穗粒数Grain per spike	0.8371	3	0.5790	6
	穗数Spikes	0.9796	1	0.6363	4
	千粒重1000-grain weight	0.8887	2	0.6680	3
	花前干物质转运量Pre-flowering dry matter transfer	0.6150	6	0.6323	5
	花后干物质积累量Post-flowering dry matter accumulation	0.6870	5	0.7117	2
	净光合速率Photosynthetic rate	0.7640	4	0.7590	1
北京 Beijing	穗粒数Grain per spike	0.9473	3	0.8841	5
	穗数Spikes	0.9500	2	0.9626	1
	千粒重1000-grain weight	0.9631	1	0.9122	4
	花前干物质转运量Pre-flowering dry matter transfer	0.5893	6	0.6803	6
	花后干物质积累量Post-flowering dry matter accumulation	0.8189	5	0.9145	3
	净光合速率Photosynthetic rate	0.8901	4	0.9481	2

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