穗肥施氮量对不同穗型超级稻品种产量的影响及其机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12068

Abstract

Abstract:

The application of panicle nitrogen fertilizer is an important management measure to increase rice yield, but its effect and mechanism of application rates on the yield increase of super rice varieties with different panicle sizes are still unclear. In this study, three super rice varieties with large differences in panicle sizes (indicated by the spikelet number per panicle) of Nanjing 9108 (small panicle size), Yangliangyou 6 (medium panicle size), and Yongyou 1540 (large panicle size) were selected as materials. Under the condition of the same amount of base-tiller fertilizer (162 kg N hm^-2), the effects of five panicle nitrogen fertilizer rates (PNR) of 0, 54, 108, 162, and 216 kg hm^-2 on the yield of the above rice varieties were studied. And its regulatory effects on the differentiation and degeneration of spikelets and related morphophysiological indices after heading were observed. The results were as follows: (1) In the PNR range of 0-216 kg hm^-2, the spikelet number per panicle gradually increased but the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight gradually decreased with the increase of PNR. And the higher the PNR, the more obvious the decrease of seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. Three rice varieties, Nanjing 9108, Yangliangyou 6, and Yongyou 1540, had the highest yields in the PNR of 162-216, 108-162, and 54-108 kg hm^-2, respectively. According to the curve equation of grain yield and PNR, the optimal PNR for high yields of the above three varieties were calculated to be 177.6-182.0, 134.3-136.3, and 109.9-125.7 kg hm^-2, respectively. (2) In general, rice varieties with large panicle sizes had higher yields, while rice varieties with small panicle sizes had greater yield-increasing effects of PNR. The number of differentiated and surviving secondary spikelets in rice varieties with small panicle size increased greatly after application of panicle nitrogen fertilizer, which was the main reason that the yield-increasing effect was higher than that of rice varieties with medium and large panicle size. (3) Under the condition of high-yield PNR, high effective leaf area ratio, grain-leaf ratio (spikelet/leaf area, filled grain/leaf area, and grain weight/leaf area), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation amount, sugar-spikelet ratio, root oxidation activity, activity root of spikelet and zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) content in grains and roots from 0-40 day(s) after heading of three rice varieties were high. Correlation analysis showed that the yields of super rice varieties with different panicle sizes and the above indicators basically had a significant or extremely significant positive correlation. These results indicated that the PNR should be adjusted according to the panicle size. The appropriate PNR was beneficial to maintain a high effective leaf area ratio, grain-leaf ratio, NSC translocation amount, sugar-spikelet ratio, root oxidation activity, activity root of spikelet, and Z + ZR content in grains and roots after heading under the premise of higher total spikelets. This helped to maintain a high seed-setting rate and grain weight, thereby ultimately increasing the grain yield.

Key words: rice, panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate, panicle size, high yields, morphology and physiology

LIU Kun, HUANG Jian, ZHOU Shen-Qi, ZHANG Wei-Yang, ZHANG Hao, GU Jun-Fei, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang. Effects of panicle nitrogen fertilizer rates on grain yield in super rice varieties with different panicle sizes and their mechanism[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(8): 2028-2040.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Table 2

Effects of panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate on grain yield and its components of super rice varieties with different panicle sizes"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	穗肥施氮量 Panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	单位面积穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	总颖花量 Total spikelets (×10⁶ hm^-2)	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)
2018	南粳9108	0	268.8 a	116.5 d	313.2 d	91.5 a	25.9 a	7.42 d
	Nanjing 9108	54	271.4 a	132.7 c	360.1 c	90.2 ab	25.6 a	8.32 c
		108	273.3 a	144.8 b	395.7 b	88.8 ab	25.3 ab	8.89 b
		162	274.7 a	155.5 a	427.2 a	86.4 b	25.2 ab	9.30 a
		216	276.2 a	162.1 a	447.7 a	82.7 c	24.7 b	9.15 ab
		平均Mean	272.9	142.3	388.8	87.9	25.3	8.61
	扬两优6号	0	205.5 a	184.6 d	379.4 d	84.8 a	29.1 a	9.36 c
	Yangliangyou 6	54	206.7 a	205.5 c	424.8 c	82.9 ab	28.8 a	10.14 b
		108	207.8 a	223.4 b	464.2 b	81.2 ab	28.5 ab	10.74 a
		162	208.7 a	234.7 ab	489.8 a	78.1 b	28.3 ab	10.83 a
		216	208.9 a	244.1 a	509.9 a	71.6 c	27.9 b	10.19 b
		平均Mean	207.5	218.5	453.6	79.7	28.5	10.25
	甬优1540	0	192.3 a	261.3 d	502.5 d	83.2 a	24.1 a	10.08 c
	Yongyou 1540	54	193.6 a	279.8 c	541.7 c	82.5 a	24.0 a	10.73 ab
		108	194.2 a	303.9 b	590.2 b	80.3 ab	23.8 ab	11.28 a
		162	195.5 a	314.3 ab	614.5 ab	76.9 b	23.6 ab	11.15 a
		216	196.8 a	321.9 a	633.5 a	71.7 c	23.3 b	10.58 bc
		平均Mean	194.5	296.2	576.5	78.9	23.8	10.76
2019	南粳9108	0	265.9 a	117.4 d	312.2 d	92.3 a	26.0 a	7.49 d
	Nanjing 9108	54	270.7 a	132.9 c	359.8 c	90.6 ab	25.7 a	8.38 c
		108	272.1 a	144.6 b	393.5 b	89.1 ab	25.4 ab	8.90 b
		162	273.6 a	156.8 a	429.0 a	86.7 b	25.2 ab	9.37 a
		216	274.2 a	163.4 a	448.0 a	82.2 c	24.8 b	9.13 ab
		平均Mean	271.3	143.0	388.5	88.2	25.4	8.66
	扬两优6号	0	204.2 a	183.2 d	374.1 d	85.4 a	29.2 a	9.33 c
	Yangliangyou 6	54	207.8 a	203.8 c	423.5 c	83.2 ab	28.9 a	10.18 b
		108	208.4 a	219.4 b	457.2 b	81.4 ab	28.6 ab	10.64 a
		162	210.5 a	231.9 ab	488.1 a	78.7 b	28.3 ab	10.87 a
		216	212.7 a	240.5 a	511.5 a	71.8 c	27.8 b	10.21 b
		平均Mean	208.7	215.8	450.9	80.1	28.6	10.25
	甬优1540	0	191.5 a	263.6 d	504.8 d	83.8 a	24.2 a	10.24 c
	Yongyou 1540	54	193.1 a	287.4 c	555.0 c	82.6 a	24.1 a	11.05 ab
		108	193.7 a	305.7 b	592.1 b	80.6 b	23.7 ab	11.31 a
		162	194.1 a	312.5 ab	606.6 ab	75.1 b	23.6 ab	10.75 b
		216	196.3 a	319.1 a	626.4 a	71.3 c	23.4 b	10.45 bc
		平均Mean	193.7	297.7	577.0	78.7	23.8	10.76

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Fig. 1

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Fig. 5

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年份 Year	品种 Variety	穗肥施氮量(x, kg N hm^-2)与产量(y, kg hm^-2)关系方程 Equation between panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate (x, kg N hm^-2) and grain yield (y, kg hm^-2)	R²	x_opt (x, kg N hm^-2)	y_max (kg hm^-2)
2018	南粳9108 Nanjing 9108	y = -0.0555x²+20.2x+7404.7	0.996	182.0	9242.7
	扬两优6号 Yangliangyou 6	y = -0.0823x²+22.1x+9304.8	0.978	134.3	10788.4
	甬优1540 Yongyou 1540	y = -0.0764x²+19.2x+10029.0	0.977	125.7	11235.3
2019	南粳9108 Nanjing 9108	y = -0.0566x²+20.1x+7469.9	0.989	177.6	9254.4
	扬两优6号 Yangliangyou 6	y = -0.0800x²+21.8x+9290.7	0.976	136.3	10775.8
	甬优1540 Yongyou 1540	y = -0.0746x²+16.4x+10298.0	0.879	109.9	11199.3

品种 Variety	穗肥施氮量 Panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	每穗一次颖花 Primary spikelets per panicle				每穗二次颖花Secondary spikelets per panicle
品种 Variety	穗肥施氮量 Panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	分化数 Differentiated number	退化数 Degenerated number	现存数 Surviving number	退化率 Degeneration rate (%)	分化数 Differentiated number	退化数 Degenerated number	现存数 Surviving number	退化率 Degeneration rate (%)
南粳9108	0	68.9 c	0.76 d	68.1 c	1.10 c	74.6 e	14.3 e	60.4 d	19.2 b
Nanjing 9108	54	71.4 bc	0.88 c	70.5 bc	1.23 b	91.3 d	15.8 d	75.5 c	17.3 c
	108	74.9 b	0.98 b	73.9 b	1.31 a	105.4 c	19.3 c	86.1 b	18.3 bc
	162	76.7 ab	1.04 a	75.7 ab	1.36 a	116.1 b	22.7 b	93.4 a	19.6 b
	216	79.4 a	1.09 a	78.3 a	1.37 a	122.6 a	27.4 a	95.2 a	22.3 a
扬两优6号	0	68.6 c	0.98 e	67.6 c	1.43 e	168.5 d	34.8 d	133.7 c	20.7 d
Yangliangyou 6	54	72.8 b	1.34 d	71.5 b	1.84 d	184.3 c	36.6 d	147.7 b	19.9 d
	108	75.3 b	1.58 c	73.7 ab	2.10 c	231.6 b	54.7 c	176.9 a	23.6 c
	162	77.6 ab	1.83 b	75.8 a	2.36 b	250.8 a	64.2 b	186.6 a	25.6 b
	216	79.5 a	2.13 a	77.4 a	2.68 a	259.5 a	71.2 a	188.3 a	27.4 a
甬优1540	0	87.8 d	0.40 e	87.4 c	0.46 e	239.5 d	52.8 d	186.6 d	22.0 c
Yongyou 1540	54	93.3 c	0.95 d	92.4 b	1.02 d	254.3 c	54.4 d	199.8 c	21.4 c
	108	99.6 b	1.85 c	97.8 a	1.86 c	282.7 b	62.2 c	220.5 b	22.0 c
	162	103.8 ab	3.25 b	100.6 a	3.13 b	307.8 a	77.7 b	230.1 ab	25.2 b
	216	106.2 a	3.82 a	102.4 a	3.60 a	322.0 a	88.1 a	233.9 a	27.4 a

品种 Variety	穗肥施氮量 Panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	叶面积指数 LAI			粒叶比 Grain-leaf ratio
品种 Variety	穗肥施氮量 Panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	总LAI Total LAI	高效LAI Effective LAI	高效叶面积率 High effective leaf area rate (%)	颖花/叶 Spikelet/leaf area (cm^-2)	实粒/叶 Filled grain/leaf area (cm^-2)	粒重/叶 Grain weight/leaf area (mg cm^-2)
南粳9108	0	6.33 d	3.83 d	60.5 c	0.49 d	0.45 c	12.8 c
Nanjing 9108	54	6.62 c	4.24 c	63.9 b	0.54 c	0.49 b	13.9 b
	108	6.87 bc	4.56 b	66.3 ab	0.58 b	0.51 ab	14.6 a
	162	7.02 b	4.84 a	68.9 a	0.61 a	0.53 a	15.3 a
	216	7.53 a	5.02 a	66.7 ab	0.59 ab	0.49 b	14.7 a
扬两优6号	0	6.64 d	4.15 d	62.5 b	0.57 c	0.48 b	16.6 c
Yangliangyou 6	54	6.87 cd	4.45 c	64.7 ab	0.62 b	0.51 a	17.8 b
	108	7.14 bc	4.77 b	66.8 a	0.65 ab	0.53 a	18.5 ab
	162	7.43 b	4.97 ab	66.9 a	0.66 a	0.51 a	18.7 a
	216	7.87 a	5.08 a	64.5 ab	0.65 ab	0.46 b	18.1 ab
甬优1540	0	6.98 c	4.45 c	63.8 c	0.72 c	0.60 b	17.3 c
Yongyou 1540	54	7.16 bc	4.77 b	66.5 bc	0.76 b	0.62 ab	18.1 bc
	108	7.32 b	5.15 a	70.4 a	0.81 a	0.65 a	19.2 a
	162	7.78 a	5.29 a	68.0 ab	0.79 ab	0.61 b	18.6 ab
	216	8.12 a	5.33 a	65.7 bc	0.78 ab	0.56 c	18.2 b

Effects of panicle nitrogen fertilizer rates on grain yield in super rice varieties with different panicle sizes and their mechanism

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变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	产量 Grain yield	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	糖花比 Sugar-spikelet ratio	颖花根活量 Activity root of spikelet
年份 Year (Y)	1	ns	ns	ns	ns
穗肥施氮量 Panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate (P)	4	66.8^**	12.3^**	10.9^**	260.5^**
品种 Variety (V)	2	405.9^**	233.2^**	16.6^**	18.4^**
年份×穗肥施氮量 Y × P	4	ns	ns	ns	ns
年份×品种 Y × V	2	ns	ns	ns	ns
穗肥施氮量×品种 P × V	8	4.3^**	ns	ns	ns
年份×穗肥施氮量×品种 Y × P × V	8	ns	ns	ns	ns

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