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Analysis of photosynthetic performance of the boll-leaf system during single boll weight formation in sea-island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) with different fruiting branch types

Li Xue-Jiao1,Yan Peng1,Zhao Jia-Bing1,Zhou Jing-Kun1,Wei Zhang1,Liang Fu-Bin1,Wang Yu-Xuan1,Tian Jing-Shan1,Jiang Chuang-Dao2,*,Zhang Wang-Feng1,*   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Shihezi University / Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China; 2 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences / State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops / China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
  • Received:2026-03-02 Revised:2026-08-21 Accepted:2026-08-21 Published:2026-09-02
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Science and Technology Research Program in Key Fields of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2023AB080).

Abstract:

Sea-island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) has slender fibers with high strength, serving as a crucial raw material for high-grade and specialty cotton textiles. Xinjiang is the only production area of sea-island cotton in China. However, compared with upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), sea-island cotton has a relatively low yield, resulting in declining economic competitiveness and a continuous reduction in its planting area in recent years, severely affecting the effective supply of high-quality cotton in China. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to elucidate the yield formation mechanism and clarify the technical approaches for yield improvement. Under current cultivation conditions, sea-island cotton sets more bolls per plant than upland cotton, but its single boll weight is far lower. Hence, increasing single boll weight is the key to improving yield. Nevertheless, the physiological mechanisms underlying single boll weight formation and the approaches to its regulation remain unclear. From the perspective of the boll-leaf system at the single fruiting branch level (including main-stem leaves, sympodial leaves, cotton bolls and other non-leaf organs), this study compared the photosynthetic performance, dry matter accumulation and distribution characteristics of the boll-leaf system among sea-island cotton (nulliplex and normal branch cultivars) and the widely planted upland cotton cultivar (normal branch type). The two-year experimental results showed that, compared with upland cotton, the single boll weights of nulliplex and normal branch sea-island cotton were 43.0% and 49.5% lower, respectively; the net photosynthetic rates of the boll-leaf system were 22.2% and 29.1% lower, and leaf areas were 24.0% and 13.5% lower, respectively, indicating insufficient photosynthetic capacity of the boll-leaf system in sea-island cotton. Analysis of dry matter accumulation dynamics revealed that the maximum dry matter accumulation rates of cotton bolls in nulliplex and normal branch sea-island cotton reached 65.5% and 51.5% of those in upland cotton, respectively, and the rapid accumulation periods were shortened by 2–3 days in both types. Regarding dry matter distribution, the boll shell proportion in the two sea-island cotton types was 10.9% and 5.4% higher than that in upland cotton, respectively, indicating a lower proportion of photoassimilates partitioned to seeds and fibers. In addition, the main-stem leaves of nulliplex branch sea-island cotton continued to grow after anthesis, competing for photoassimilates with cotton bolls, which further restricted dry matter accumulation within the bolls. Collectively, the low photosynthetic rate of the boll-leaf system is a common limiting factor for the low single boll weight in sea-island cotton; however, improvement strategies should differ depending on the principal limiting factor in each branch type: for nulliplex branch sea-island cotton, alleviating nutrient competition between main-stem leaves and bolls after anthesis is critical, whereas for normal branch sea-island cotton, the priority should be to enhance the photosynthetic capacity of sympodial leaves. These findings provide a theoretical basis for high-yield breeding and agronomic regulation targeting single boll weight improvement in sea-island cotton.

Key words: sea-island cotton, boll-leaf system, photosynthesis, single boll weight, dry matter distribution

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