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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (05): 737-749.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00737

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Effects of Maize Varieties with Different Nitrogen Efficiencies on Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Soil Nitrate and Field Nitrogen Balance

Jia-Wei QU(), Ju-Lin GAO*(), Xiao-Fang YU, Zhi-Gang WANG, Shu-Ping HU, Ji-Ying SUN, Zhi-Jun SU, Min XIE, Ge-Er QING   

  1. Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2017-05-03 Accepted:2018-01-08 Online:2018-05-20 Published:2018-01-30
  • Contact: Ju-Lin GAO E-mail:nmqujiawei@163.com;nmgaojulin@163.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (31260300), the National Science and Technology Project of Food Production of China (2013BAD07B04), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-63), the Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation Scientific Observation in North China Loess Plateau (25204120), and the National Key Research and Development Project (2017YFD0300800).

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Abstract:

Studying effects caused by maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies on nitrate content in soil and nitrogen balance in filed is quite important for excavating high nitrogen efficiency biological potential of maize varieties, coordinating nitrate supply with plant requirement, and improving the nitrogen utilization efficiency. In this study, high nitrogen efficiency maize varieties ZD958, JS27 and low nitrogen efficiency maize varieties MN2133, ND314, and SD19 were separately used to systematically study the effects on nitrate spatial and temporal distribution in soil and nitrogen balance, as well as relationship between plant nitrogen uptake and soil nitrate accumulation. Compared with low nitrogen efficiency maize varieties, the high nitrogen efficiency varieties had higher yield, higher nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in all the nitrogen treatments (0, 300, and 450 kg ha-1). According to the correlation analysis, significant negative correlation was shown between the plant nitrogen accumulation and nitrate accumulation in soil. The temporal and the spatial distribution of nitrate in soil were also analyzed, showing that the soil layer with maximum nitrate content moved toward lower gradually in the process of maize growth. The move rate of the soil layer was independent of maize varieties, but largely correlated with the precipitation. However, after silking stage the nitrate content in 60-100 centimeter layer of soil was significantly lower in high nitrogen efficiency varieties than in low nitrogen efficiency varieties. After harvest, the nitrate residual in soil was significantly higher in low nitrogen efficiency varieties compared with high nitrogen efficiency varieties. Moreover, the nitrate residual amount was largely increased with increasing nitrate application. In the aspect of nitrate balance, the nitrogen efficiency of maize significantly affected filed nitrate residue and apparent lost. The apparent nitrate lost in field in low nitrogen efficiency varieties was 2.2 (300 kg ha-1) and 1.5 times (450 kg ha-1) as high as that in high nitrogen efficiency varieties, and had much more difference among different years. Therefore, different nitrogen efficiency varieties affected N-balance in filed via nitrate absorption. Choosing high nitrogen efficiency varieties can decrease nitrate content in soil, apparent lost in field, and nitrogen leaching risk, which is an effective way to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Key words: maize, variety, nitrogen efficiency, soil nitrate, field nitrogen apparent balance

Fig. 1

Total daily precipitation, daily average temperature and solar radiation of the whole growth period of maize in 2012 and 2013"

Table 1

Yield, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen recovery efficiency of different nitrogen use efficiency maize varieties"

年份Year 品种
Variety		 施氮处理
Nitrogen treatment		 产量
Yield (t hm-2)		 氮素吸收效率
NUpE (kg kg-1)		 氮肥利用率NRE (%) 氮肥农学效率NAE (kg kg-1)
2012 郑单958 ZD958 0 N 10.48 b 3.22 a
300N 13.23 a 1.10 b 39.12 a 9.14 a
450N 13.33 a 0.96 b 43.06 a 6.33 b
金山27
JS27		 0 N 9.85 c 3.15 a
300N 11.63 b 1.08 b 37.24 b 5.93 b
450N 12.86 a 1.02 b 53.16 a 6.70 a
蒙农2133 MN2133 0 N 8.32 b 2.24 a
300N 9.95 a 0.82 b 32.67 a 5.43 b
450N 10.60 a 0.74 b 40.25 a 7.59 a
内单314 ND314 0 N 7.34 c 2.28 a
300N 8.65 b 0.85 b 33.42 a 4.39 b
450N 10.30 a 0.69 c 36.64 a 9.88 a
变异来源Source of variation
品种 Variety (V) ** ** ** ns
施氮处理Nitrogen treatment (NT) ** ** ** ns
品种×施氮处理V×NT ns ** ** ns
2013 郑单958 ZD958 0 N 10.56 b 2.56 a
300N 13.36 a 0.86 b 43.29 a 9.33 a
450N 14.13 a 0.75 b 45.34 a 7.93 b
内单314 ND314 0 N 8.46 c 2.05 a
300N 10.86 b 0.61 b 25.03 a 7.99 b
450N 12.83 a 0.56 b 30.69 a 9.71 a
四单19
SD19		 0 N 8.84 b 2.03 a
300N 11.43 a 0.71 b 24.21 a 8.63 a
450N 12.16 a 0.58 c 33.45 a 7.37 a
变异来源Source of variation
品种 Variety (V) ** ** ** ns
施氮处理Nitrogen treatment (NT) ** ** * ns
品种×施氮处理V×NT ns * ns ns

Fig. 2

Spatial distribution of soil nitrate concentration of different nitrogen use efficiency maize varieties in V12 in 2012 Zero of X axis represents plant location, left and right sides of zero represent distance from the plant, and the maximum (25) distance is at 1/2 row spacing, Y axis represents soil depth, each datum corresponds to a small space coordinate clod of soil nitrate content, the deeper the color the greater the content of soil nitrate. Treatment described as in Table 1."

Fig. 3

Spatial distribution of soil nitrate concentration of different nitrogen use efficiency maize varieties in R1 in 2012 Treatments are the same as those described in Table 1; description of coordinate axis corresponds with that given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 4

Temporal and spatial distribution of soil nitrate concentration at silking stage (up), milking stage (middle), and maturation stage (down) in 2012 Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 5

Temporal and spatial distribution of soil nitrate concentration at silking stage (up), milking stage(middle), and maturation stage(down) in 2013 Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 6

Soil nitrate accumulation in maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies after harvest (in 2012 and 2013) Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 7

Changes of soil nitrate accumulation and plant nitrogen accumulation in maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies (2012 and 2013) Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 8

Relationship between soil nitrate accumulation and plant nitrogen accumulation Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 2

Field apparent balance of soil nitrate (kg hm-2)"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 氮投入 N impute 氮输出N output
施氮量
Nitrogen
rate		 播前
Nmin before
seeding		 矿化氮
Mineral
N		 总输入
Total
N		 作物携出
Crop
bring		 土壤硝态氮残留
Soil nitrate
residual		 表观损失
Surface
loss		 氮盈余
N
surplus
2012
HNE 0 N 0 344.40 150.01 494.41 334.45 c 159.96 b 0 159.96 c
300N 300 344.40 150.01 794.34 460.85 b 318.28 a 15.21 b 333.49 b
450N 450 344.40 150.01 944.34 514.29 a 343.26 a 86.79 a 430.05 a
LNE 0 N 0 344.40 146.34 490.73 237.02 c 253.71 b 0 253.71 c
300N 300 344.40 146.34 793.57 337.48 b 412.07 a 44.02 b 456.09 b
450N 450 344.40 146.34 943.57 379.13 a 429.03 a 135.41 a 564.44 a
2013
HNE 0 N 0 262.50 25.98 288.48 192.13 c 96.35 b 0 96.35 c
300N 300 262.50 25.98 588.48 322.01 b 150.19 a 116.29 b 266.47 b
450N 450 262.50 25.98 738.48 396.15 a 172.66 a 169.66 a 342.33 a
LNE 0 N 0 262.50 26.46 288.96 153.76 c 135.20 b 0 135.20 c
300N 300 262.50 26.46 588.96 228.85 b 183.62 a 176.49 b 360.11 b
450N 450 262.50 26.46 738.96 291.86 a 201.30 a 245.81 a 447.11 a

Fig. 9

Soil ammonia nitrogen accumulation in maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies after harvest (2012 and 2013) Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1."

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