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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2): 359-367.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03038

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Effects of different cooling methods on maize soil physical and chemical properties and yield in dryland

WANG Qi(), FU Ya-Fang, SI Lei-Yong, JIN Yan, XIA Zhen-Qing, LU Hai-Dong*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / Laboratory Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in the Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-06-19 Accepted:2020-09-13 Online:2021-02-12 Published:2020-09-22
  • Contact: LU Hai-Dong E-mail:1061749064@qq.com;lhd2042@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771724);Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2018-NY-031)

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Abstract:

Aiming at the phenomenon of premature senescence of plants under long-term maize plastic film mulching in rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, adding cooling measures on mulched maize were taken to study the effects of soil temperature change on maize yield formation and analysis the changes of soil physical and chemical properties in topsoil of maize from the perspective of never changing the water conserving function of plastic film, which would provide the theoretical reference for the analysis of the early senescence in the later growth stage of ordinary plastic film maize. This experiment design using Shaandan 609 (SD 609) as tested materials, based on a 2-year field experiment, compared with the effects of three modes, ordinary plastic film mulch + black sunshade net (A), ordinary plastic film mulch + straw (B) and ordinary plastic film mulch (C) on soil temperature, soil nutrients, dry matter mass accumulation yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency in yield. The results were as follows: (1) Adding coverings on plastic film mulching (black sunshade net, straw) can effectively decrease the soil temperature and compactness, especially early stage of maize growth. (2) Compared with the control treatment C, cooling treatment A and treatment B significantly increased the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium in the later stage of maize growth, and the average partial fertilizer productivity increased by 7.24% and 6.97%, respectively. (3) Cooling treatments can delay the attenuation of green leaf area in the later stage of maize growth, improve the accumulation rate of dry matter and increase the kernel weight of maize. Compared with treatment C, the 2-year average maize yields of cooling treatment A and treatment B were increased by 6.39% and 5.93% and the average water use efficiency by 8.17% and 7.67%, respectively. In rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, properly reducing the temperature under the film of mulched maize are helpful to improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield and improve the high utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water.

Key words: maize, cooling methods, plastic film mulching, soil physical and chemical properties, yield level

Fig. 1

Precipitation and day temperature during the whole growth period in maize from 2018 to 2019"

Table 1

Average soil temperature of 0-25 cm depths under different mulching patterns (℃)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 生育时期 Growth stage
V6 V12 VT R3 R4 R6
2018 A 27.1 b 25.1 b 22.8 b 23.1 b 19.3 b 16.5 b
B 26.0 c 24.7 b 23.0 b 22.7 b 19.5 b 16.7 b
C 29.5 a 26.6 a 24.3 a 24.5 a 22.0 a 19.2 a
2019 A 26.3 b 22.7 b 20.3 b 22.5 b 19.1 b 16.2 b
B 25.9 b 22.3 b 19.9 b 22.7 b 18.6 c 16.0 b
C 28.5 a 25.4 a 21.1 a 24.0 a 20.8 a 18.7 a

Table 2

Effect of different mulching methods on soil compactness at different growth stages (kPa)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 生育时期 Growth stage
V6 V12 VT R3 R4 R6
2018 A 112.5 b 170.6 b 213.0 b 326.5 b 330.7 b 366.2 b
B 109.0 b 175.4 b 206.7 b 316.9 b 333.5 b 354.3 c
C 145.8 a 236.4 a 321.4 a 371.5 a 385.6 a 389.7 a
2019 A 101.8 b 132.4 b 201.3 b 319.7 b 331.2 b 354.6 c
B 103.6 b 134.7 b 210.5 b 321.0 b 327.6 b 374.1 b
C 136.5 a 196.7 a 312.8 a 385.7 a 394.0 a 402.8 a

Table 3

Soil nutrients content under different mulching methods"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有机质Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total
nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total
phosphorus
(g kg-1)		 全钾
Total
potassium
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg kg-1)
2018 A 16.351 a 0.871 a 0.972 a 14.653 ab 39.733 b 20.568 ab 146.475 b
B 16.251 a 0.858 a 0.998 a 14.956 a 40.268 b 20.348 b 151.160 ab
C 16.167 a 0.873 a 0.982 a 14.274 b 41.433 a 21.802 a 154.421 a
2019 A 16.131 a 0.862 a 0.982 a 14.406 a 40.500 b 19.450 b 139.650 b
B 16.073 a 0.869 a 0.974 a 14.520 a 39.740 b 20.580 ab 145.500 ab
C 15.794 b 0.801 b 0.967 a 13.953 b 42.700 a 21.085 a 149.650 a

Fig. 2

Changes of dry matter accumulation under different film mulching methods in maize Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 3

Changes of leaf area per plant under different film mulching methods in maize Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 4

Maize yield under different film mulching methods"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
Effective spike
(×104 ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernels per
spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2018 A 6.92 a 650.87 a 336.08 a 15145.96 a
B 6.88 a 653.59 a 333.69 a 15010.87 a
C 6.95 a 644.19 a 310.42 b 13903.03 b
2019 A 6.87 a 666.10 a 325.42 a 14902.46 a
B 6.79 a 671.38 a 328.08 a 14962.27 a
C 6.75 a 669.35 a 309.83 b 1410.04 b

Fig. 4

Water use efficiency and fertilizer partial productivity in different treatment modes Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Bars labeled with different lowercase letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 among different treatments."

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