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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 738-751.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03044

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of planting density on lodging resistance and grain yield of spring maize stalks in Guizhou province

ZHENG Ying-Xia1(), CHEN Du1, WEI Peng-Cheng1, LU Ping2, YANG Jin-Yue3, LUO Shang-Ke4, YE Kai-Mei1, SONG Bi1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
    2Anshun Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anshun 561000, Guizhou, China
    3Dry Food Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou, China
    4Yuqing County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Yuqing 564400, Guizhou, China
  • Received:2020-07-13 Accepted:2020-10-14 Online:2021-04-12 Published:2020-10-29
  • Contact: SONG Bi E-mail:1534570966@qq.com;sb6264@126.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300307);Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503127);Guizhou Province Characteristic Grain and Oil Crops Cultivation and Physiological and Ecological Research Technological Innovation Talent Team (Qiankehe Platform Talent) [2019]5613([2019]5613);Guizhou Province High-level Innovative Talents “Hundred” Level Talent Project (Qiankehe Platform Talent)([2018]5632);Guizhou Province Biology First-class Discipline Construction Project(GNYL[2017]009)

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Abstract:

The objective of this study was to clarify the changes of spring maize stalk characteristics and yield and their relationship under the dense planting conditions, and it provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for high yield of spring maize dense planting in Guizhou province. The field experiments were carried out to study the effect of planting density on spring maize stalk morphology and mechanical properties, empty stalk rate, lodging rate and grain yield using Guizhou's widely planted maize variety Xianyu 1171 and Xinzhongyu 801 with six density 3×104, 4.5×104, 6.0×104, 7.5×104, 9.0×104, 10.5×104 plants hm-2 from 2018 to 2019. The results were as follows: (1) Plant height and ear height of spring maize increased first and then decreased with the increase in density; the third node length increased the most after densification, the third node's dry weight per stem length, puncture strength and flexural strength, the seventh nodal thickness, dry weight and cross-sectional area decreased the most; the density had no significant effect on the flatness of the cross-sectional area of the stem. Compared with the varieties, Xianyu 1171 internode length, the 3rd and 5th internode dry weight and the 3rd node puncture strength were significantly higher than Xinzhongyu 801. The 7th node dry weight, internode thickness, dry weight per stem length, the cross-sectional area, cross-sectional flatness and flexural strength of internodes were significantly lower than that of Xinzhongyu 801. (2) Lodging rate and empty shot rate increased with the increase in density. After densification, the lodging rate of Xianyu 1171 was significantly higher than that of Xinzhongyu 801, and the rate of empty shot was significantly lower than that of Xinzhongyu 801. (3) The yield increased first and then decreased with the increase in density. Xianyu 1171 and Xinzhongyu 801 had the highest yields at 93,000 plants hm-2 and 86,000 plants hm-2, respectively. After densification, the yield of Xianyu 1171 was higher 10.28% than that of Xinzhongyu 801, and the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle were higher. (4) Correlation and multiple regression analysis showed that plant height, ear height and lodging rate were significantly positively correlated, and internode thickness and dry matter per stalk length had a significant positive effect on corn stalk bending resistance. The yield was closely related to stalk traits, and plant height had the greatest positive effect on yield. It can be seen that the lodging resistance and grain yield of different spring maize stalks were different in response to density. After the densification of Xinzhongyu 801, the internodes of the stalks were short and thick, the dry weight per stalk length was larger, and the lodging resistance ability was stronger. Because Xianyu 1171 had a lower empty stem rate than Xinzhongyu 801 under high density, it had a higher effective ear number and grain number per ear, the yield was higher under high density. Considering the culm traits and yield, the suitable density of Xianyu 1171 and Xinzhongyu 801 in Guizhou were 90,000 plants hm-2 and 85,000 plants hm-2, respectively.

Key words: spring maize, planting density, stalk trait, lodging resistance, grain yield

Fig. 1

Average temperature and rainfall during whole growth stages in maize"

Table 1

Effects of planting density on plant height, ear height, and ear position coefficient of different spring maize"

品种
Varieties
密度
Density
 2018 2019
株高
Plant height
(cm)		 穗位高
Ear height
(cm)		 穗位系数
Ear position
coefficient		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 穗位高
Ear height
(cm)		 穗位系数
Ear position
coefficient
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 299.6 c 89.2 d 0.30 c 256.6 d 71.2 d 0.28 b
D2 318.2 b 97.5 cd 0.31 bc 271.7 c 76.4 cd 0.28 b
D3 324.2 ab 102.4 bc 0.32 bc 277.7 bc 82.9 abc 0.30 ab
D4 332.0 a 109.1 ab 0.33 a 289.8 a 89.7 a 0.31 a
D5 331.3 a 118.2 a 0.36 a 279.7 b 89.8 a 0.32 a
D6 320.0 ab 109.7 ab 0.34 a 276.9 bc 85.8 ab 0.31 a
平均值Mean 320.9 104.4 0.32 275.4 82.7 0.3
变异系数CV (%) 4.52 12.30 9.07 4.57 10.21 7.85
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 234.1 bc 77.6 b 0.33 c 212.5 d 73.7 b 0.35 c
D2 233.0 c 78.1 b 0.33 bc 217.5 cd 77.1 b 0.35 bc
D3 246.0 ab 88.6 a 0.36 ab 230.2 ab 88.5 a 0.38 a
D4 239.2 abc 88.1 a 0.37 a 223.6 bc 83.9 a 0.37 a
D5 248.9 a 93.1 a 0.37 a 234.3 a 90.3 a 0.38 a
D6 242.5 abc 92.5 a 0.38 a 230.0 ab 89.5 a 0.39 a
平均值Mean 240.6 86.3 0.36 224.7 83.8 0.37
变异系数CV (%) 5.32 11.26 7.21 5.46 11.12 5.97
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种Varieties (V) ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ** ** ns
品种×密度 (V×D) ns ns ns
品种×年份 (V×D) ** ** **
密度×年份 (D×Y) ns ns ns

Table 2

Effects of planting density on internode length and internode stem thickness of different spring maize"

品种
Varieties		 密度
Density		 2018 2019
节间长度
Internode length (cm)		 节间粗
Internode stem thickness (mm)		 节间长度
Internode length (cm)		 节间粗
Internode stem thickness (mm)
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 13.76 d 18.83 a 18.84 a 21.50 a 20.59 a 18.88 a 13.09 b 17.72 d 17.64 b 20.47 a 18.81 a 15.72 a
D2 13.71 d 20.03 a 20.49 a 21.30 a 20.17 a 18.61 a 13.19 b 19.03 cd 19.63 a 20.49 a 18.97 a 15.30 a
D3 14.34 cd 20.72 a 20.39 a 19.83 b 19.11 b 17.18 b 14.41 b 19.87 bc 19.29 a 18.89 b 17.06 b 13.96 b
D4 15.18 bc 22.28 a 22.10 a 18.97 b 17.55 c 16.48 b 15.97 a 20.61 ab 19.83 a 17.34 c 16.00 c 13.22 bc
D5 16.22 ab 21.70 a 21.65 a 17.71 c 16.74 cd 15.37 c 16.03 a 21.98 a 20.41 a 16.41 cd 15.08 c 12.39 cd
D6 16.67 a 21.94 a 20.40 a 17.07 c 16.33 cd 15.28 c 17.25 a 22.05 a 19.27 a 15.37 d 13.81 d 11.29 d
平均值Mean 14.98 20.92 20.65 19.4 17.98 16.94 14.99 20.21 19.35 18.10 16.62 13.65
变异系数CV (%) 11.83 8.95 8.46 10.32 10.64 10.40 17.54 11.31 7.31 12.74 13.77 16.87
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 8.88 b 14.21 c 17.03 b 23.95 a 23.91 a 22.77 a 9.23 c 12.38 c 14.17 b 25.88 a 23.05 a 20.17 a
D2 9.86 b 15.94 bc 17.65 b 22.52 b 22.09 b 21.11 b 9.81 c 12.72 bc 14.07 b 24.59 ab 22.1 ab 19.95 a
D3 12.17 a 22.38 a 16.86 b 20.19 c 19.81 c 19.05 c 11.19 ab 14.63 a 15.52 a 23.47 b 20.89 b 19.28 a
D4 12.89 a 17.33 bc 18.33ab 18.09 d 17.99 d 17.81 d 10.33 bc 14.09 ab 15.69 a 21.25 c 19.46 c 17.27 b
D5 12.87 a 18.88 ab 19.48 a 17.22 e 16.72 e 16.17 e 11.99 a 15.78 a 16.44 a 20.37 c 18.44 d 16.13 b
D6 12.10 a 18.60 ab 18.05 ab 16.62 e 16.45 e 14.96 f 12.49 a 15.60 a 16.81 a 18.66 d 16.77 e 14.71 c
平均值Mean 11.46 17.06 17.9 19.77 19.50 18.64 10.84 14.2 15.45 22.37 20.12 17.92
变异系数CV (%) 17.31 13.62 10.93 15.56 14.60 15.31 17.22 16.16 13.50 12.65 12.05 14.60
变异来源
Source of
variation		 品种Varieties (V) ** ** ** ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ns ** ** ** ** **
品种×密度 (V×D) ns ns ns ** * **
品种×年份 (V×Y) ns ** * ** ** **
密度×年份 (D×Y) ns ns ns ns ns ns

Table 3

Effects of planting density on stalk internode dry matter and dry weight per unit stem length of different spring maize"

品种
Varieties		 密度
Density		 2018 2019
节间干重
Internode dry weight
(g)		 单位茎长干重
Dry weight per unit stem length (g cm-1)		 节间干重
Internode dry weight
(g)		 单位茎长干重
Dry weight per unit stem length (g cm-1)
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 9.61 a 10.17 a 7.80 a 0.70 a 0.54 a 0.41 a 9.19 a 8.00 b 4.98 a 0.71 a 0.46 ab 0.40 a
D2 8.54 b 9.59 a 7.28 a 0.62 a 0.48 b 0.35 b 9.22 a 9.21 a 5.54 a 0.70 a 0.49 a 0.35 a
D3 7.40 c 8.16 b 6.15 b 0.52 b 0.39 c 0.30 c 7.94 b 7.67 b 4.79 ab 0.56 b 0.39 bc 0.30 b
D4 6.50 d 7.56 bc 5.96 b 0.42 c 0.34 d 0.27 c 7.27 b 6.45 c 4.64 ab 0.46 c 0.32 cd 0.27 bc
D5 6.36 d 6.79 cd 4.98 c 0.39 c 0.32 de 0.23 d 6.35 c 6.29 c 3.92 b 0.41 c 0.29 de 0.23 cd
D6 6.18 d 6.16 d 4.49 c 0.37 c 0.28 e 0.22 d 5.35 d 5.13 d 2.86 c 0.31 d 0.23 e 0.19 d
平均值Mean 7.43 8.07 6.11 0.51 0.39 0.30 7.55 7.12 4.46 0.52 0.36 0.23
变异系数CV (%) 21.57 21.90 27.66 27.30 27.56 28.72 27.03 29.50 34.76 34.59 34.47 34.50
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 8.05 a 9.77 a 9.43 a 0.97 a 0.69 a 0.55 a 9.29 a 9.04 a 7.24 a 1.04 a 0.74 a 0.28 a
D2 6.74 b 9.27 a 8.05 b 0.68 b 0.59 b 0.46 b 7.65 b 7.31 b 5.96 ab 0.79 b 0.58 b 0.28 a
D3 5.54 c 7.14 b 6.13 c 0.45 c 0.38 c 0.37 c 7.17 b 7.40 b 5.61 bc 0.65 c 0.50 bc 0.25 a
D4 5.31 cd 5.83 c 5.39 cd 0.41 cd 0.34 cd 0.30 d 5.80 c 6.03 c 4.78 cd 0.58 c 0.44 cd 0.23 ab
D5 4.71 de 6.06 c 5.09 de 0.36 d 0.32 de 0.26 de 5.60 c 5.73 c 4.41 de 0.48 d 0.37 d 0.19 bc
D6 4.40 e 5.42 c 4.30 e 0.35 d 0.30 e 0.24 e 4.73 d 4.38 d 3.70 e 0.38 e 0.28 e 0.15 c
平均值Mean 5.79 7.25 6.40 0.54 0.44 0.36 6.71 6.65 5.28 0.65 0.49 0.35
变异系数CV (%) 25.87 27.74 31.86 46.27 36.72 34.60 28.67 32.94 36.77 41.67 41.15 38.79
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种Varieties (V) ** ** * ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) * ** ** ** ns **
品种×密度 (V×D) ns ns ns ** * *
品种×年份 (V×Y) ns ns ns ns * *
密度×年份 (D×Y) ns ns ns ns ns ns

Fig. 2

Effects of density on the cross-sectional area and cross-section flatness of maize stalk internodes in 2019 Bars marked with different lowercase letters indicate significantly different among treatments at P < 0.05. D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, and D6 represent planting densities of 3.0×104, 4.5×104, 6.0×104, 7.5×104, 9.0×104, and 10.5×104 plants hm-2, respectively. XY1171: Xianyu 1171; XZY801: Xinzhongyu 801."

Table 4

Variance analysis of puncture strength and bending resistance of different spring maize"

变异来源
Source of variation		 穿刺强度Rind penetration strength 抗折力Bending strength
3 5 7 3 5 7
品种Varieties (V) ** ns ns ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ns * ** ** ** **
品种×密度V×D ns ns ns * ** **
品种×年份V×Y ns ** ** * ns ns
密度×年份D×Y ns ns ns ** ** **

Fig. 3

Relationship between planting density and stalk puncture strength and bending resistance Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 5

Variance analysis of lodging rates and empty shot rate of different spring maize varieties"

变异来源
Source of variation		 倒伏率
Lodging rate		 空秆率
Empty shot rate
品种 Varieties (V) ** **
密度 Density (D) ** **
年份 Year (Y) ** ns
品种×密度 (V×D) * ns
品种×年份 (V×Y) ** ns
密度×年份 (D×Y) ** ns

Fig. 4

Relationship between planting density and lodging rate and empty shot rate Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 6

Effects of planting density on yield and composition of different spring maize"

品种
Varieties		 密度
Density		 2018 2019
有效穗数
Ear number		 穗粒数
Kernels
per ear		 百粒重
100-kernel
weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 有效穗数
Ear number		 穗粒数
Kernels
per ear		 百粒重
100-kernel weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 45,959.6 d 767.4 a 36.8 a 9145.3 b 29,798.0 f 730.3 a 33.7 a 6345.4 d
D2 50,505.1 d 754.4 a 36.4 a 10,232.1 b 43,602.7 e 716.0 a 31.4 ab 9561.8 c
D3 61,279.5 d 749.1 a 33.8 b 11,811.2 a 55,892.3 d 685.6 ab 30.8 ab 10,350.4 b
D4 72,727.3 b 653.8 b 32.6 bc 11,891.7 a 70,033.7 c 658.3 b 29.4 b 11,609.4 a
D5 76,936 b 684.7 b 33.2 bc 13,051.3 a 79,292.9 b 637.9 b 29.4 b 11,858.6 a
D6 87,878.8 a 677.0 b 31.2 c 11,957.9 a 93,939.4 a 633.2 b 29.0 b 12,358.7 a
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 43,266.0 c 828.3 a 41.3 a 8177.7 c 37,037.0 f 669.1 a 36.6 a 8219.4 c
D2 48,989.9 c 794.8 a 39.0 a 9046.9 bc 46,127.9 e 646.6 a 36.4 a 9629.5 b
D3 62,626.3 ab 633.3 b 39.9 a 11,357.4 a 57,070.7 d 627.1 a 36.3 a 10,744.7 a
D4 61,784.5 b 577.3 b 36.1 b 10,283.6 ab 67,340.1 c 566.2 b 34.4 ab 10,744.6 a
D5 66,330.0 ab 579.4 b 35.6 b 10,667.6 a 79,124.6 b 511.4 c 33.6 ab 11,305.1 a
D6 71,548.8 a 611.2 b 34.1 b 11,055.9 a 91,077.4 a 436.0 d 32.6 b 10,664.1 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种Varieties (V) * ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ns ** ** ns
品种×密度 (V×D) ns * ns ns
品种×年份 (V×Y) ** * ns *
密度×年份 (D×Y) ** ns ns ns

Table 7

Regression relationship between planting density and spring maize yield and its components"

项目
Item		 品种
Varieties		 回归方程
Regression equation		 R2
产量
Grain yield		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y= -112.4x2 + 2096.3x + 2555.5 0.8331**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = -89.6x2 + 1547.3x + 4385.2 0.8589**
有效穗数
Ear number		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y = 7069.1x + 16,271 0.9955**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = 5448.1x + 24,252 0.9909**
穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y = -14.2x + 792.6 0.9046**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = -25.4x + 757.1 0.8519**
百粒重
100-kernel weight		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y = -0.7x + 36.8 0.9227**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = -0.8x + 41.5 0.9227**

Table 8

Correlation analysis between stalk morphology, mechanical properties, lodging rate and yield"

指标
Item		 倒伏率
Lodging rate		 穿刺强度
Rind penetration strength		 抗折力
Bending strength		 产量
Grain yield
空秆率Empty shot rate -0.34 -0.51** -0.29 -0.56**
株高Plant height 0.76** -0.14 -0.25 0.48*
穗位高 Ear height 0.88** -0.56** -0.32 0.77**
穗位系数Ear position coefficient 0.01 -0.51** -0.05 0.31
节间长Internode length 0.75** -0.39 -0.53** 0.59**
节间粗Internode stem thickness -0.54** 0.64** 0.88** -0.63**
节间干重Internode dry weight -0.34 0.82** 0.76** -0.63**
单位茎长干重Dry weight under length -0.60** 0.81** 0.83** -0.80**
节间横截面积Cross-sectional area -0.82** 0.49* 0.97** -0.52**
横截面扁率Cross section flatness -0.59** -0.08 0.47* -0.04
穿刺强度Rind penetration strength -0.55** — — -0.83**
抗折力Bending strength -0.41* 0.61** — -0.58**
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