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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (4): 962-974.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13010

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen substitution effect of maize under straw returning with continuous cropping

YAN Yu-Ting1(), SONG Qiu-Lai2, YAN Chao1, LIU Shuang1, ZHANG Yu-Hui1, TIAN Jing-Fen1, DENG Yu-Xuan1, MA Chun-Mei1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
    2Institute of cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2021-03-31 Accepted:2021-07-12 Online:2022-04-12 Published:2021-08-09
  • Contact: MA Chun-Mei E-mail:1290058648@qq.com;chunmm1974@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901473)

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Abstract:

Crop straw resources in Northeast China are rich, but burning and discarding are serious, and nutrient utilization rate is very low. We explored the feasibility of the substitution of straw returning to nitrogen fertilizer and its effects on nitrogen accumulation under continuous cropping in cold region. A frame culture and continuous positioning experiment was carried out in the experimental site of Northeast Agricultural University from 2017 to 2019, with 15N labeled urea. A three-factor split-plot design was adopted in this experiment, the main plot was straw returning method with no straw returning (S0) and straw returning (S1), and the sub-plot was nitrogen application levels with 0 (N0), 175 (N1), and 350 (N2) kg hm-2. Two application methods were set for each fertilizer application amount, one ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing applied was 1:1, and the other ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing applied was 1:0. The results were as follows: When the straw returning amount was 12 t hm-2, the returning straw could replace 36.8 kg hm-2 pure nitrogen. The average amount of maize straw was 46.50 million tons in Heilongjiang Province from 2017 to 2019, and straw returning could replace 142,700 tons pure nitrogen. The replace amount of pure nitrogen in the ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing (1:1) was 26.88% higher than that in 1:0. Straw returning was negatively correlated with nitrogen use efficiency in maize. The average nitrogen use efficiency of maize in S0 treatment was 6.09% higher than S1 treatment, and the yield of S1 treatment was 4.66% higher than S0 treatment when the urea application amount was 350 kg hm-2 (161 kg hm-2 pure nitrogen). The highest yield of maize was 268.22 g frame-1 in the treatment of straw returning and topdressing with commonly fertilizer applied in local agriculture. In conclusion, the nitrogen substitution effect was remarkable under maize straw returning in Northeast China. Long-term combined application of crop straw and nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved the biomass, yield, and nitrogen accumulation of maize, which was a cultivation mode for increasing yield and efficiency of maize in Northeast China.

Key words: maize, nitrogen fertilizer, straw returning, nitrogen replacement amount, nitrogen accumulation, structural equation model

Table 3

Dry matter mass at mature stage in maize (g plant-1)"

处理
Treatment		 2017 2018 2019
茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain 茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain 茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain
N0 S1 187.58±8.61 a 201.65±3.20 a 146.56±2.13 a 202.20±5.97 a 136.85±6.56 a 193.23±5.77 a
S0 178.97±1.63 a 192.70±5.75 a 148.52±3.23 a 193.53±8.50 a 142.97±6.12 a 187.46±7.41 a
N1 N1-1S1 247.27±3.00 a 236.45±0.32 a 162.84±0.37 a 224.52±2.32 a 159.76±2.40 a 223.20±2.34 a
N1-1S0 220.08±2.63 b 220.40±1.11 b 155.84±0.68 b 215.74±2.61 b 157.36±0.14 a 201.77±2.39 c
N1-0S1 226.23±6.15 b 226.91±6.51 b 163.17±0.47 a 214.36±1.50 b 152.46±2.55 b 213.29±3.27 b
N1-0S0 213.53±1.85 c 215.98±0.47 c 165.99±3.15 a 213.13±1.48 b 149.91±3.58 b 198.53±3.24 c
N2 N2-1S1 266.40±3.52 a 247.94±1.04 a 181.43±1.56 a 244.11±0.17 a 178.32±1.77 a 249.55±4.78 a
N2-1S0 253.01±1.08 b 237.49±2.71 b 163.52±2.25 b 229.04±1.95 b 165.72±4.78 b 225.08±3.24 c
N2-0S1 251.93±1.22 b 234.78±0.29 b 183.68±4.10 a 232.07±3.03 b 165.63±2.04 b 233.95±1.51 b
N2-0S0 239.70±4.71 c 227.56±1.44 c 179.58±2.23 a 220.91±1.18 c 160.94±1.52 b 217.64±0.99 d
秸秆还田S ** ** ns ** ns **
施氮肥N ** ** ** ** ** **
S×N ** ** ** ** ns **

Table 1

Amount of fertilizer applied in the test treatments (g frame-1)"

处理
Treatment		 基肥Base fertilizer 追肥尿素(15N标记)
Topdressing CH415N2O
重过磷酸钙
Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O		 硫酸钾
K2SO4		 尿素(15N标记)
CH415N2O
N0 1.06 1.06 0 0
N1-1 1.06 1.06 0.62 0.62
N1-0 1.06 1.06 1.24 0
N2-1 1.06 1.06 1.24 1.24
N2-0 1.06 1.06 2.48 0

Table 2

Nitrogen content at mature stage in maize (g kg-1)"

处理
Treatment		 2017 2018 2019
茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain 茎秆 Stalk 籽粒Grain 茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain
N0 S1 7.40±0.20 a 14.41±0.76 a 8.11±0.19 a 13.93±0.49 a 6.10±0.08 a 12.91±0.28 a
S0 7.20±0.01 a 13.65±0.03 a 7.92±0.30 a 13.44±0.11 a 6.02±0.30 a 12.63±0.12 a
N1 N1-1S1 9.71±0.05 a 16.93±0.20 a 9.22±0.07 a 16.81±0.20 a 8.81±0.20 a 15.72±0.10 a
N1-1S0 9.42±0.07 b 16.04±0.12 b 8.71±0.01 c 15.92±0.08 b 8.17±0.03 b 15.04±0.13 c
N1-0S1 8.83±0.50 c 15.92±0.11 b 9.02±0.03 b 16.04±0.10 b 8.70±0.12 a 15.31±0.01 b
N1-0S0 8.33±0.35 c 15.02±0.31 c 9.03±0.01 b 15.43±0.03 c 8.61±0.14 a 14.72±0.03 d
N2 N2-1S1 11.13±0.04 a 18.92±0.07 a 9.72±0.03 a 17.72±0.02 a 9.80±0.20 a 16.81±0.11 a
N2-1S0 9.44±0.08 b 17.74±0.02 b 9.42±0.09 b 16.95±0.38 b 9.60±0.13 a 15.31±0.05 c
N2-0S1 9.45±0.01 b 17.03±0.21 c 9.33±0.06 b 16.57±0.22 b 9.20±0.05 b 15.71±0.11 b
N2-0S0 9.22±0.02 c 16.02±0.11 d 9.14±0.03 c 16.05±0.02 c 8.90±0.01 c 14.54±0.01 d
秸秆还田S ** ns ns * ns **
施氮肥N ** ** ** ** ** **
S×N ns ** ns ns ns **

Table 4

Nitrogen accumulation at mature stage in maize (g plant-1)"

处理
Treatment		 2017 2018 2019
茎秆 Stalk 籽粒Grain 茎秆Stalk 籽粒 Grain 茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain
N0 S1 1.662±0.050 a 2.974±0.033 a 1.021±0.003 a 2.694±0.106 a 0.825±0.014 a 2.801±0.117 a
S0 1.612±0.003 a 2.773±0.201 a 1.059±0.038 a 2.588±0.095 a 0.845±0.020 a 2.684±0.059 a
N1 N1-1S1 2.564±0.031 a 3.967±0.035 a 1.959±0.002 a 3.592±0.061 a 1.372±0.042 a 3.766±0.027 a
N1-1S0 2.177±0.021 b 3.514±0.015 c 1.299±0.024 c 3.254±0.025 c 1.330±0.006 a 3.321±0.004 b
N1-0S1 2.288±0.111 b 3.701±0.051 b 1.684±0.102 b 3.422±0.042 b 1.331±0.011 a 3.166±0.033 c
N1-0S0 1.826±0.088 c 3.400±0.114 c 1.229±0.070 c 3.185±0.069 c 1.294±0.006 b 3.015±0.151 c
N2 N2-1S1 2.965±0.135 a 4.709±0.049 a 2.854±0.034 a 3.837±0.126 a 1.597±0.040 a 4.511±0.028 a
N2-1S0 2.434±0.034 b 4.058±0.246 b 2.388±0.107 b 3.481±0.087 b 1.557±0.013 a 3.910±0.044 b
N2-0S1 2.400±0.016 b 3.938±0.055 b 2.495±0.033 b 3.511±0.030 b 1.495±0.012 b 3.866±0.017 b
N2-0S0 2.257±0.040 c 3.812±0.071 b 1.956±0.035 c 3.290±0.008 c 1.483±0.008 b 3.265±0.028 c
秸秆还田S ** ** ** ** ns **
施氮肥N ** ** ** ** ** **
S×N ns ** ns ns ** **

Table 5

Abundance of 15N of stalk and grain at mature stage in maize (%)"

处理
Treatment		 2017 2018 2019
茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain 茎秆 Stalk 籽粒 Grain 茎秆Stalk 籽粒 Grain
N1 N1-1S1 0.489±0.001 b 0.467±0.001 b 0.515±0.005 b 0.498±0.002 b 0.563±0.010 b 0.565±0.001 b
N1-1S0 0.503±0.001 a 0.456±0.002 c 0.557±0.003 a 0.535±0.002 a 0.632±0.026 a 0.578±0.001 a
N1-0S1 0.454±0.001 c 0.476±0.002 a 0.466±0.002 c 0.440±0.002 d 0.531±0.005 c 0.536±0.008 c
N1-0S0 0.502±0.002 a 0.466±0.002 b 0.506±0.004 b 0.471±0.003 c 0.566±0.017 b 0.544±0.001 c
N2 N2-1S1 0.596±0.003 a 0.580±0.002 a 0.656±0.001 c 0.633±0.001 b 0.761±0.007 b 0.742±0.008 b
N2-1S0 0.600±0.004 a 0.579±0.001 a 0.712±0.002 a 0.691±0.003 a 0.818±0.065 a 0.834±0.014 a
N2-0S1 0.552±0.001 c 0.535±0.001 b 0.595±0.008 d 0.536±0.002 d 0.653±0.028 c 0.658±0.012 c
N2-0S0 0.582±0.004 b 0.521±0.001 c 0.671±0.001 b 0.595±0.003 c 0.799±0.024 a 0.752±0.010 b
秸秆还田S ** ** ** ** ** **
施氮肥N ** ** ** ** ** **
S×N ** ** ** ** ns **

Fig. 1

Proportion of nitrogen sources in maize S1 means straw returning; S0 means straw removal; N1-1 means 175 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:1; N1-0 means 175 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:0; N2-1 means 350 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:1; N2-0 means 350 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:0."

Fig. 2

Estimated proportion of maize straw instead of nitrogen fertilizer Comparison was made between different treatments in the same year. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 probability level. N1-1 means 175 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:1; N1-0 means 175 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:0; N2-1 means 350 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:1; N2-0 means 350 kg hm-2 urea application with topdressing ratio of 1:0."

Table 6

Nitrogen use efficiency in maize (%)"

处理
Treatment		 氮肥利用率Nitrogen use efficiency
2017 2018 2019 平均Average
N1 N1-1S1 38.24±0.26 a 37.58±0.11 b 39.78±0.98 a 38.53
N1-1S0 33.07±0.79 bc 39.29±0.30 a 41.71±0.84 a 38.02
N1-0S1 34.22±0.39 b 22.54±0.39 d 34.47±1.20 b 30.41
N1-0S0 32.41±0.45 c 29.99±0.74 c 36.43±0.72 b 32.94
N2 N2-1S1 39.14±0.40 a 41.48±0.51 a 41.68±0.83 a 40.77
N2-1S0 38.61±0.76 a 42.73±0.79 a 43.72±1.60 a 41.69
N2-0S1 30.94±0.47 b 28.35±0.54 c 35.08±0.86 b 31.46
N2-0S0 31.46±0.44 b 35.20±0.53 b 37.07±1.24 b 34.58
秸秆还田S ** ** ns
施氮肥N ** ** **
S×N ** ** **

Table 7

Yield in maize (g plant-1)"

处理
Treatment		 产量Yield
2017 2018 2019 平均Average
N0 S1 244.37±0.24 a 235.11±2.29 a 240.57±1.30 a 240.02
S0 224.10±2.13 b 225.03±1.74 b 220.70±2.18 b 223.28
N1 N1-1S1 274.94±0.97 a 240.90±1.62 b 283.85±0.20 a 266.56
N1-1S0 256.28±1.52 c 231.52±3.18 c 264.00±1.10 c 250.60
N1-0S1 267.33±1.40 b 251.88±2.60 a 269.84±2.20 b 263.02
N1-0S0 252.30±0.77 d 234.92±2.26 bc 256.87±1.38 d 248.03
N2 N2-1S1 264.95±1.26 a 288.30±1.42 a 251.42±2.11 a 268.22
N2-1S0 250.86±1.35 b 278.48±1.81 c 236.14±2.65 b 255.16
N2-0S1 249.25±1.74 b 283.00±0.40 b 249.94±1.03 a 260.73
N2-0S0 247.83±1.72 b 273.05±0.45 d 229.82±1.15 c 250.23
秸秆还田S ** ** **
施氮肥N ** ** **
S×N ** ** ns

Fig. 3

Structural equation model of factors affecting nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and yield Square boxes represent the variables that are applied in the model. The thickness of the arrow indicates the strength of the influence relationship. Numbers adjacent to arrows are the standardized path coefficients. The solid and dotted lines indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; and ***: P < 0.001. R2 alongside square box indicates that the variable was explained proportion."

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