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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 161-173.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44065

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of planting density on photosynthetic production and yield formation of soybean varieties from different eras

DING Shu-Qi1,2(), CHENG Tong1(), WANG Bi-Kun1,2, YU De-Bin1, RAO De-Min1, MENG Fan-Gang1, ZHAO Yin-Kai1, WANG Xiao-Hui1, ZHANG Wei1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Soybean Research, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China), Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
    2College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
  • Received:2024-04-19 Accepted:2024-08-15 Online:2025-01-12 Published:2024-08-26
  • Contact: *E-mail: zw.0431@163.com
  • About author:**Contributed equally to this work
  • Supported by:
    Jilin Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(CXGC2022RCB003);Jilin Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(CXGC2022RCG011);National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project(U21A20215);Science and Technology Development Plant Project of Jilin Province, China(20240602046RC);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-04-PS14);Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China) Basic Research Funding Project(KYJF2023DX012)

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Abstract:

Planting density is an effective way to harness the production potential of elite soybean varieties, yet the response differences to planting density among soybean varieties over a breeding time span of up to 100 years remain unclear. To clarify the effects of planting density on the photosynthetic production and yield formation of soybean varieties released in different eras, this study used 50 soybean varieties released from the 1930s to the 2020s. The response differences in leaf area index (LAI), leaf area index growth rate (LGR), leaf area duration (LAD), dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), lower leaf senescence, and yield were explored under different planting densities (normal density of 200,000 plants hm-2 and high density of 300,000 plants hm-2) for soybean varieties from different eras (1930s-1940s, 1950s-1960s, 1970s-1980s, 1990s-2000s, and 2010s-2020s). The results showed that with the advancement of breeding eras, both the photosynthetic production capacity and yield of soybeans gradually increased. Compared with old varieties (1930s-1940s, 1950s-1960s, and 1970s-1980s), new varieties (1990s-2000s and 2010s-2020s) showed better growth status at high density. The increase in LAI of new varieties at high density was more substantial, with increases of 17.79% and 23.06% at the R4 stage, and the decrease in LAI from the R4 to R6 stage was slower, resulting in a more significant increase in LAD. At the R6 stage, the dry matter accumulation of new varieties at high density increased by 25.28% and 28.96%, respectively, and their CGR also significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 21.66% and 25.38%, respectively. Moreover, the new varieties showed strong senescence resistance at high density, with smaller decreases in the amount of upward displacement of yellow leaf nodes and leaf SPAD values of the lower leaves. In terms of yield, new varieties experienced greater increases in the number of seeds and pods per unit area at high density, with a smaller decrease in 100-seed weight, resulting in a significant (P < 0.05) yield increases of 4.49% and 5.04%, respectively. In conclusion, at the beginning of the growth period, new varieties showed a strong ability to increase the ‘source’ under high density, with high and stable leaf source values, greater light energy interception, and substantial dry matter accumulation, promoting the rapid development of the seed ‘sink’. During the later growth period, the slower decrease in LAI, robust photosynthetic capacity of the population and thorough seed filling significantly increased the number of seeds and pods per unit area, thereby compensating for the slight decrease in 100-seed weight and achieving a significant increase in soybean yield.

Key words: soybean, density planting, different eras, photosynthetic production, yield

Fig. 1

Meteorological data from 2022 to 2023"

Fig. 2

Soybean varieties of different eras"

Fig. 3

Dynamic of leaf area index during the growth period of soybean varieties from different eras ND: normal density; HD: high density. R2: full flowering stage; R4: full pods stage; R6: seed filling stage. B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5 represent 1930s-1940s, 1950s-1960s, 1970s-1980s, 1990s-2000s, and 2010s-2020s, respectively. Lowercase letters at the same density indicate significant differences among the different eras at the P < 0.05; uppercase letters in the same eras indicate significant differences among different density treatments at the P < 0.05; ** indicates P < 0.01, and * indicates P < 0.05; F-value is the result of the two-factor ANOVA."

Table 1

Response of LGR and LAD to dense planting in soybean varieties of different eras"

密度
Density		 年代
Eras		 叶面积指数增长率 LGR (LAI d-1) 光合势 LAD (d m2 m-2)
VE-R2 R2-R4 R4-R6 VE-R2 R2-R4 R4-R6
ND B1 0.0514±0.0005 dB 0.1582±0.0090 bB -0.1107±0.0138 aA 64.27±0.60 dB 66.56±1.18 dB 74.83±2.19 eB
B2 0.0544±0.0007 cB 0.1654±0.0075 abB -0.1097±0.0053 aA 67.99±0.90 cB 70.14±1.06 cB 78.19±1.50 dB
B3 0.0594±0.0003 bB 0.1692±0.0035 abB -0.1028±0.0077 aA 74.29±0.39 bB 74.97±0.61 bB 84.57±0.11 cB
B4 0.0617±0.0019 aB 0.1706±0.0077 abB -0.0999±0.0106 aA 77.10±2.39 aB 77.08±0.94 abB 87.30±0.71 bB
B5 0.0622±0.0003 aB 0.1759±0.0059 aB -0.0936±0.0052 aA 77.74±0.40 aB 78.28±0.70 aB 90.18±0.81 aB
HD B1 0.0578±0.0014 eA 0.1947±0.0112 bA -0.1481±0.0109 cB 72.29±1.71 eA 77.28±2.78 eA 84.01±2.81 eA
B2 0.0621±0.0001 dA 0.2016±0.0093 bA -0.1417±0.0101 bcB 77.64±0.18 dA 81.92±1.31 dA 90.58±1.33 dA
B3 0.0661±0.0012 cA 0.2019±0.0103 bA -0.1374±0.0230 abcB 82.69±1.44 cA 85.40±0.88 cA 94.72±2.29 cA
B4 0.0702±0.0006 bA 0.2084±0.0141 bA -0.1267±0.0136 abB 87.69±0.74 bA 89.74±1.60 bA 101.54±1.67 bA
B5 0.0724±0.0007 aA 0.2287±0.0028 aA -0.1168±0.0063 aB 90.48±0.89 aA 94.57±0.76 aA 110.73±0.69 aA
F值 B 197.40** 7.75** 2.95* 197.38** 130.09** 198.48**
F-value D 549.64** 162.62** 54.33** 549.59** 748.22** 645.67**
B×D 4.05* 1.3 0.86 4.05* 5.43** 14.83**

Fig. 4

Dynamic of dry matter accumulation during the growth period of soybean varieties from different eras Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. R2: full flowering stage; R4: full pods stage; R6: seed filling stage. Lowercase letters at the same density indicate significant differences among the different eras at the P < 0.05 level; uppercase letters in the same eras indicate significant differences among different density treatments at the P < 0.05; ** indicates P < 0.01, and * indicates P < 0.05; F-value is the result of the two-factor ANOVA."

Fig. 5

CGR response to dense planting of soybean varieties from different eras Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. VE-R2: emergence to full flowering stage; R2-R4: full flowering stage to full pods stage; R4-R6: full pods stage to seed filling stage. Lowercase letters at the same density indicate significant differences among the different eras at the P < 0.05 level; uppercase letters in the same eras indicate significant differences among different density treatments at the P < 0.05; ** indicates P < 0.01, and * indicates P < 0.05; F-value is the result of the two-factor ANOVA."

Fig. 6

Dynamic of the low yellow leaf node during the growth period of soybean varieties in different eras Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. R2: full flowering stage; R4: full pods stage; R6: seed filling stage. Lowercase letters at the same density indicate significant differences among the different eras at the P < 0.05; uppercase letters in the same eras indicate significant differences among different density treatments at the P < 0.05; ** indicates P < 0.01, and * indicates P < 0.05; F-value is the result of the two-factor ANOVA."

Fig. 7

Dynamics of SPAD values in lower leaves during the growth period of soybean varieties in different eras Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 3. R2: full flowering stage; R4: full pods stage; R6: seed filling stage. Lowercase letters at the same density indicate significant differences among the different eras at the P < 0.05; uppercase letters in the same eras indicate significant differences among different density treatments at the P < 0.05; ** indicates P < 0.01, and * indicates P < 0.05; F-value is the result of the two-factor ANOVA."

Table 2

Yield and yield component of soybean varieties in different eras in response to dense planting"

密度
Density		 年代
Eras		 单位面积荚数
Pods per unit area (pod m-2)		 单位面积粒数
Seeds per unit area (seed m-2)		 百粒重
100-seed weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
ND B1 953.16±63.36 bB 1715.12±38.56 cB 19.09±0.16 cA 2962.63±50.07 eA
B2 979.83±41.93 bB 1884.49±95.26 bB 19.32±0.25 bA 3084.34±61.82 dA
B3 996.11±50.47 bB 1921.96±43.44 bB 19.44±0.20 bA 3287.16±87.08 cA
B4 1008.85±20.62 abB 2005.79±89.70 bB 19.97±0.22 aA 3520.82±19.95 bB
B5 1092.65±48.33 aB 2343.43±103.85 aB 20.12±0.01 aA 4241.44±35.64 aB
HD B1 1088.49±36.24 cA 2032.40±54.74 dA 18.24±0.08 eB 3024.25±102.34 eA
B2 1189.70±77.68 bA 2355.93±79.42 cA 18.56±0.08 dB 3173.99±22.34 dA
B3 1222.46±30.86 bA 2431.37±71.83 cA 18.82±0.09 cB 3341.72±29.17 cA
B4 1268.26±45.15 bA 2629.91±166.25 bA 19.47±0.03 bB 3678.99±34.84 bA
B5 1424.01±92.43 aA 3242.99±136.82 aA 19.73±0.15 aB 4455.40±23.91 aA
F值 B 16.82** 116.31** 103.73** 566.77**
F-value D 148.35** 399.83** 179.09** 32.76**
B×D 2.81 11.84** 3.21* 2.3

Table 3

Grey correlation analysis of agronomic parameters to yield of densely planted crops"

参数
Parameter		 常规密度 Normal density 高密度 High density 处理间差异 Difference between treatment
关联系数
Correlation coefficient		 排序
Rank		 关联系数
Correlation coefficient		 排序
Rank		 关联系数
Correlation coefficient		 排序
Rank
LAI 0.7904 6 0.8589 4 0.8824 2
DM 0.7348 9 0.7729 9 0.8523 4
YL 0.5638 10 0.5451 10 0.4670 10
SPAD-L 0.8399 4 0.8081 7 0.7356 8
LGR 0.8239 5 0.9111 2 0.7259 9
LAD 0.7816 7 0.8421 6 0.8850 1
CGR 0.7393 8 0.7775 8 0.8704 3
SPUA 0.9261 2 0.9178 1 0.8167 5
PPUA 0.9373 1 0.8926 3 0.8036 6
100-SW 0.8518 3 0.8532 5 0.7881 7
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