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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 174-188.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.32055

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and plant growth regulators on photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones of rice

ZHAO Li-Ming1,*(), DUAN Shao-Biao1, XIANG Hong-Tao2, ZHENG Dian-Feng1,*(), FENG Nai-Jie1, SHEN Xue-Feng1   

  1. 1College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
    2Suihua Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Suihua 152054, Heilongjiang, China
  • Received:2023-12-14 Accepted:2024-08-15 Online:2025-01-12 Published:2024-09-02
  • Contact: *E-mail: nkzlm@126.com; E-mail: gdouzdffnj@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Program for Scientific Research Start-Upfunds of Guangdong Ocean University(060302052010);National 12th Five-Year Science and Technology Support Plan Project(2012BAD20B0402)

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Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on photosynthetic characteristics, endogenous hormones, and yield of rice. Pot and field experiments were conducted using Longjing 31 as the experimental material. Two irrigation treatments were set up: moderate alternative wetting and drying irrigation (MI) and heavy alternating wetting and drying irrigation (HI). The effects of these irrigation treatments on yield formation and photosynthetic characteristics of rice were examined. Additionally, three PGRs—diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA), 6-benzylaminoadenine (BA), and BA + DA—were sprayed at the full tillering stage and sword leaf expansion stage to analyze their effects on photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones of rice post-heading. Differences in dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics, endogenous hormones, and yield under alternate wetting and drying irrigation, PGRs, and their interactions were studied. The results showed that MI significantly increased leaf area, leaf area index, SPAD value, and net photosynthetic rate. It also increased the contents of IAA, GA3, and ZR in flag leaves and grains, decreased ABA content, and enhanced dry matter accumulation and stem-sheath matter transport capacity. Consequently, MI improved internode characteristics, seed setting rate, grain number, and weight per panicle, resulting in an actual yield increase of 5.30% (Pot) and 5.11% (Field) compared to HI. In terms of plant growth regulators, BA+DA significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration of flag leaves post-heading. It also increased dry matter accumulation, stem-sheath matter transport capacity, and the contents of IAA, GA3, and ZR in flag leaves and grains. This led to increases in 1000-grain weight, seed setting rate, harvest index, grain number per panicle, and grain weight per panicle, boosting yield by 6.60% (Pot) and 6.05% (Field), followed by BA, compared to CK. The interaction of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs had significant effects on leaf area index, endogenous hormone content, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. Notably, the MI×(BA+DA) treatment was more effective in maintaining the functional duration of green leaves post-heading, increasing leaf SPAD value, leaf area, leaf area index, and net photosynthetic rate. It also enhanced dry matter accumulation, stem-sheath matter transport, and the contents of IAA, GA3, and ZR in leaves and grains, promoting the export of assimilates to grains. This treatment, on the basis of stable panicle number, improved 1000-grain weight, grain number and grain weight per panicle, seed setting rate, and harvest index. Compared to other treatments and CK, it achieved a yield increase of 3.17%-12.57% (Pot) and 3.14%-11.55% (Field). However, HI×(BA+DA) could achieve the yield effect of MI×CK. These results indicate that alternate wetting and drying irrigation combined with spraying BA+DA can be used as a water-saving chemical control cultivation measure for high-yield and high-efficiency rice production in this region.

Key words: rice, alternate wetting and drying irrigation, plant growth regulators, photosynthetic characteristics, endogenous hormones, yield

Table 1

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs on yield and its components of rice"

处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
Effective panicle number		 每穗粒数
Grain number per panicle		 每穗粒重
Grain weight per panicle (g)		 结实率
Seed-setting rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 收获指数
Harvest index		 产量
Yield
盆栽 Pot
(pot−1)		 大田 Field
(m−2)		 盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field		 盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field		 盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field		 盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field		 盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field		 盆栽 Pot
(g pot−1)		 大田 Field
(kg hm−2)
MI DA 49.3 a 542.3 a 69.03 c 78.41 c 1.64 ab 1.91 b 91.25 ab 94.15 b 26.01 a 25.80 a 0.582 a 0.591 ab 80.50 b 10,340.94 b
BA 50.3 a 551.7 a 70.41 a 80.83 a 1.61 b 1.87 c 89.35 c 82.34 c 25.61 b 25.11 b 0.571 a 0.586 b 81.15 b 10,298.45 b
BA+DA 49.5 a 547.9 a 69.47 bc 79.47 b 1.69 a 1.95 a 92.55 a 95.69 a 26.26 a 25.70 a 0.582 a 0.598 a 83.72 a 10,665.84 a
CK 49.3 a 545.6 a 69.73 b 78.72 bc 1.60 b 1.85 c 90.24 bc 93.17 bc 25.44 b 25.29 b 0.580 a 0.585 b 78.89 b 10,111.80 c
HI DA 49.1 a 543.0 a 67.01 b 75.69 bc 1.57 ab 1.82 b 88.65 a 92.69 a 26.40 a 26.04 b 0.570 ab 0.583 a 76.65 b 9882.65 b
BA 50.0 a 545.3 a 67.93 a 76.37 ab 1.55 b 1.79 bc 86.58 b 89.62 c 26.23 a 26.12 b 0.567 b 0.577 ab 77.23 ab 9760.92 b
BA+DA 49.2 a 542.4 a 68.50 a 76.80 a 1.62 a 1.88 a 89.09 a 92.26 a 26.57 a 26.67 a 0.575 a 0.586 a 79.67 a 10,197.17 a
CK 49.0 a 539.2 a 67.12 b 75.27 c 1.53 b 1.77 c 87.39 ab 90.97 a 26.54 a 25.86 b 0.571 ab 0.569 b 74.37 b 9561.86 c
MI 49.6 a 546.9 a 69.17 a 79.34 a 1.64 a 1.89 a 90.85 a 93.84 a 25.83 b 25.48 b 0.579 a 0.590 a 81.06 a 10,354.27 a
HI 49.3 a 542.5 a 67.64 b 76.03 b 1.57 b 1.82 b 87.93 b 91.38 b 26.46 a 26.17 a 0.571 a 0.579 b 76.98 b 9850.65 b
DA 49.2 a 542.7 a 68.02 b 77.05 b 1.60 b 1.86 b 89.95 ab 93.42 a 26.20 ab 25.92 b 0.576 a 0.587 ab 78.58 b 10,111.79 b
BA 50.1 a 548.5 a 69.17 a 78.60 a 1.58 b 1.83 c 87.92 c 90.98 c 25.97 b 25.62 c 0.569 a 0.582 b 79.19 ab 10,029.68 b
BA+DA 49.3 a 545.2 a 68.98 a 78.13 a 1.65 a 1.91 a 90.82 a 93.98 a 26.42 a 26.18 a 0.579 a 0.592 a 81.69 a 10,431.50 a
CK 49.1 a 542.4 a 68.42 b 76.98 b 1.57 b 1.81 c 87.96 c 90.07 b 25.99 b 25.58 c 0.576 a 0.577 b 76.63 b 9836.85 c
AWI 0.82ns 2.25ns 40.77* 103.47** 26.53** 50.45** 33.69** 681.47** 26.27** 56.93** 2.15ns 7.82* 35.07** 71.63*
PGRs 1.97ns 0.57ns 1.92ns 9.19** 4.90** 26.07** 6.37** 19.32** 3.34* 12.70** 1.39ns 9.17* 6.81* 27.40**
AWI×PGRs 0.03ns 0.17ns 6.03* 4.55* 1.02ns 0.24ns 0.14ns 1.82ns 3.29* 5.18* 1.02ns 0.59ns 2.04ns 0.24ns

Table 2

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs on agronomic characters of rice"

处理
Treatment		 株高Plant height (cm) 穗长Spike length (cm) 节间长Internode length (cm)
盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field		 盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field		 盆栽
Pot		 大田
Field
MI DA 86.1 b 92.4 a 15.3 a 15.3 a 68.8 a 73.5 ab
BA 86.7 b 94.3 a 15.5 a 15.8 a 69.4 a 74.5 a
BA+DA 89.0 a 93.5 a 15.8 a 15.4 a 71.0 a 74.2 ab
CK 86.5 b 92.3 a 15.3 a 15.2 a 68.5 a 73.1 b
HI DA 82.2 a 89.3 b 15.4 a 15.2 a 64.3 a 70.6 bc
BA 83.2 a 91.9 a 15.5 a 15.3 a 66.1 a 72.8 a
BA+DA 83.9 a 91.7 a 16.0 a 15.2 a 65.8 a 71.6 ab
CK 81.9 a 88.2 b 15.4 a 15.1 a 64.5 a 69.8 c
MI 87.1 a 93.1 a 15.6 a 15.4 a 69.4 a 73.8 a
HI 82.8 b 90.3 b 15.4 a 15.2 a 65.2 b 71.2 b
DA 84.2 a 90.8 bc 15.3 a 15.2 a 66.6 a 72.1 bc
BA 85.0 a 93.1 a 15.5 a 15.6 a 67.8 a 73.6 a
BA+DA 86.4 a 92.5 ab 15.8 a 15.3 a 68.4 a 72.9 ab
CK 84.2 a 90.3 c 15.3 a 15.2 a 66.5 a 71.4 c
AWI 40.61** 129.96** 0.71ns 3.99ns 19.43* 19.88*
PGRs 2.44ns 4.46* 0.74ns 0.79ns 0.76ns 6.85*
AWI×PGRs 0.28ns 0.71ns 0.04ns 0.12ns 0.14ns 0.86ns

Table 3

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs on dry matter accumulation and stem-sheath matter transformation"

处理
Treatment		 盆栽 Pot 大田 Field
抽穗期生物量
Heading stage
biomass
(g pot-1)		 蜡熟期生物量
Waxy stage
biomass
(g pot-1)		 抽穗期
Heading stage (t hm-2)		 蜡熟期
Waxy stage (t hm-2)		 输出量
Exportation
(t hm-2)		 输出率
Export
rate (%)		 转化率
Translocation
rate (%)
茎鞘干物质
Dry matter of
stem and sheath		 生物量
Biomass		 茎鞘干物质
Dry matter of
stem and sheath		 生物量
Biomass
MI DA 69.64 c 108.35 b 5.88 b 14.90 b 4.32 bc 16.95 bc 1.57 b 26.97 bc 19.35 bc
BA 76.94 a 118.65 a 6.46 a 15.86 a 4.62 a 17.52 ab 1.84 a 28.53 ab 20.17 b
BA+DA 75.11 b 115.90 a 6.38 a 15.45 a 4.47 ab 17.86 a 1.92 a 29.95 a 21.80 a
CK 68.55 c 107.59 b 5.64 b 14.76 b 4.19 c 16.57 c 1.46 b 26.49 c 18.52 c
HI DA 64.83 b 96.77 b 5.01 b 13.55 b 3.62 b 14.47 b 1.39 b 26.68 ab 18.60 ab
BA 68.90 a 106.74 a 5.31 a 14.42 a 3.90 a 15.76 a 1.42 b 27.16 ab 18.22 ab
BA+DA 69.23 a 108.53 a 5.44 b 14.24 a 3.88 a 15.86 a 1.56 a 28.26 a 19.22 a
CK 63.83 b 94.23 b 5.94 b 13.55 b 3.61 b 14.33 b 1.33 b 25.55 b 17.71 b
MI 72.56 a 112.62 a 6.09 a 15.25 a 4.40 a 17.22 a 1.69 a 27.99 a 19.96 a
HI 66.70 b 101.57 b 5.18 b 13.94 b 3.75 b 15.11 b 1.42 b 26.91 a 18.44 b
DA 67.23 b 102.56 b 5.44 b 14.23 b 3.97 b 15.71 b 1.48 c 26.83 bc 18.98 bc
BA 72.92 a 112.70 a 5.89 a 15.14 a 4.26 a 16.64 a 1.63 b 27.84 ab 19.20 b
BA+DA 72.17 a 112.22 a 5.91 a 14.85 a 4.18 a 16.86 a 1.74 a 29.10 a 20.51 a
CK 66.19 b 100.91 b 5.29 b 14.15 b 3.90 b 15.45 b 1.39 c 26.02 c 18.12 c
AWI 171.42** 30.97* 55.93* 60.44* 27.66* 134.83** 415.37** 2.63ns 26.98*
PGRs 54.03** 8.88** 17.28** 9.42* 12.75* 11.27* 21.85** 8.08** 11.51**
AWI×PGRs 2.77ns 0.38ns 1.48ns 0.13ns 0.60ns 0.56ns 4.60* 0.42ns 2.37ns

Table 4

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs on SPAD value of leaves of potted rice"

处理
Treatment		 剑叶展开后天数 Days after the sword leaf unfolds (d)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
MI DA 43.31 b 44.97 c 44.03 b 42.00 b 36.10 c 32.30 b 29.37 c 27.20 c 17.83 b 13.10 b
BA 45.87 a 46.76 a 46.53 a 45.33 a 42.07 a 38.93 a 33.97 a 29.50 a 22.13 a 16.77 a
BA+DA 45.27 a 45.81 b 46.07 a 44.77 a 41.03 b 38.10 a 32.13 b 28.33 b 21.67 a 16.34 a
CK 43.18 b 43.57 d 43.78 b 40.27 c 36.12 c 31.37 b 26.80 d 25.32 d 16.70 c 11.90 c
HI DA 42.31 b 43.64 b 43.40 c 40.33 c 35.30 c 31.32 c 26.73 b 19.43 b 11.97 c 9.67 c
BA 44.80 a 45.70 a 45.43 a 44.57 a 41.46 a 36.78 a 30.60 a 25.30 a 19.47 a 14.83 a
BA+DA 43.97 a 45.64 a 44.77 b 43.67 b 39.97 b 34.70 b 29.71 a 25.23 a 17.50 b 12.13 b
CK 41.71 b 42.89 c 42.67 d 39.63 d 34.70 c 30.21 c 25.60 c 19.27 b 11.40 c 8.93 c
MI 44.41 a 45.27 a 45.11 a 43.09 a 38.83 a 35.18 a 30.57 a 27.59 a 19.58 a 14.53 a
HI 43.21 a 44.48 a 44.07 a 42.05 a 37.86 a 33.24 b 28.16 b 22.31 b 15.08 b 11.39 b
DA 42.82 b 44.32 c 43.72 c 41.17 c 35.71 c 31.80 c 28.05 c 23.32 c 14.90 b 11.38 c
BA 45.33 a 46.23 a 45.98 a 44.95 a 41.77 a 37.85 a 32.28 a 27.40 a 20.80 a 15.80 a
BA+DA 44.62 a 45.72 b 45.42 b 44.22 b 40.50 b 36.40 b 30.92 b 26.78 b 19.58 a 14.23 b
CK 42.47 b 43.23 d 43.23 c 39.95 d 35.42 c 30.78 c 26.20 d 22.30 d 14.05 b 10.42 d
AWI 3.02ns 1.78ns 3.56* 3.39* 3.77* 57.74* 46.08* 167.48** 191.72** 52.05*
PGRs 30.39** 87.60** 56.74** 205.52** 269.03** 352.76** 100.61** 203.72** 108.25** 116.72**
AWI×PGRs 0.20ns 2.91ns 0.67ns 1.90ns 0.82ns 9.08** 3.95* 34.01** 4.79* 0.03ns

Table 5

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs on photosynthetic indexes of rice leaves"

处理
Treatment		 盆栽 Pot 大田 Field
叶面积Leaf area (m2 pot-1) 叶面积指数Leaf area index SPAD值SPAD value
抽穗期
Heading stage		 蜡熟期
Waxy stage		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 蜡熟期
Waxy stage		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 蜡熟期
Waxy stage
MI DA 0.318 b 0.218 b 4.92 b 2.67 c 50.27 b 44.52 b
BA 0.340 a 0.238 a 5.01 a 2.93 a 51.28 ab 46.50 a
BA+DA 0.336 a 0.230 a 5.00 a 2.88 b 52.10 a 45.57 ab
CK 0.311 b 0.214 b 4.81 c 2.66 c 49.87 b 43.81 b
HI DA 0.303 a 0.199 c 4.74 c 2.53 b 48.70 b 40.23 a
BA 0.312 a 0.211 b 4.83 b 2.70 a 50.73 a 41.37 a
BA+DA 0.312 a 0.224 a 4.91 a 2.75 a 50.17 ab 41.27 a
CK 0.292 b 0.190 c 4.70 c 2.51 b 48.43 b 39.90 a
MI 0.326 a 0.225 a 4.94 a 2.78 a 50.88 a 45.10 a
HI 0.304 b 0.206 b 4.79 b 2.62 b 49.51 b 40.69 b
DA 0.311 b 0.209 b 4.83 b 2.60 b 49.48 b 42.38 ab
BA 0.326 a 0.225 a 4.92 a 2.81 a 51.01 a 43.93 a
BA+DA 0.324 a 0.227 a 4.95 a 2.81 a 51.13 a 43.42 ab
CK 0.301 c 0.202 b 4.76 c 2.58 b 49.15 b 41.86 b
AWI 60.61* 222.70** 7.33* 10.12* 9.98* 97.92*
PGRs 26.67** 19.75** 66.08** 9.32** 5.03* 3.09ns
AWI×PGRs 1.82ns 2.71ns 3.72* 13.19** 0.41ns 0.23ns

Fig. 1

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs on photosynthetic parameters of sword leaf in rice Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. FT: filling stage; MT: milk stage; WT: waxy stage. * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively."

Fig. 2

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and PGRs on endogenous hormone contents in rice Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. FT: filling stage; MT: milk stage; WT: waxy stage. * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively."

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