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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (11): 3065-3079.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51036

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of drip irrigation on post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain-filling characteristics of winter wheat under subsoiling tillage

ZHANG Yan-Yan1,2(), LI Ying1,2, LIU Xu-Chen1, HUANG Chao1,2, LYU Jia-Ning1,2, ZHOU Hai-Jia1,3, MA Shou-Tian1,2, QIN An-Zhen1,2, GAO Zi-Le4, WU Guang-Hui4, CHEN Dan4, JI Xia-Nan4, LIU Zhan-Dong1,2,*()   

  1. 1 Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
    2 Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, Xinjiang, China
    3 School of Agriculture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
    4 Henan Yudong Water Conservancy Security Center, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
  • Received:2025-04-06 Accepted:2025-07-09 Online:2025-11-12 Published:2025-07-16
  • Contact: *E-mail: liuzhandong@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(2022FY101601);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP);Key Project of Water Conservancy Science and Technology in Henan Province(GG202247)

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Abstract:

The development and widespread adoption of agricultural mechanization in the North China Plain have led to issues such as soil compaction and thickening of the plow layer, which in turn restrict crop growth. Subsoiling tillage is an effective method to break the plow pan, improve the soil environment within the tillage layer, and promote crop growth. However, in some regions, irrational irrigation practices have diminished the soil-improving benefits of subsoiling. To elucidate the positive effects of subsoiling on dry matter accumulation in winter wheat, this study employed border irrigation with a lower limit of 70% field capacity under both subsoiling (ST) and rotary tillage (RT). Under the subsoiling condition, three drip irrigation lower limits—70% (DI-H), 60% (DI-M), and 50% (DI-L) of field capacity—were set, with irrigation triggered when the soil moisture reached the respective threshold. Using ST as the control, the effects of different lower limits on post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain filling characteristics were evaluated to determine the optimal drip irrigation strategy under subsoiling. Results showed that compared with RT, ST significantly enhanced post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and grain filling, extending the durations of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation (Tdry) and grain filling (Tgrain) by 5.15 d and 0.87 d, respectively. ST also increased the rates of both processes, resulting in a 9.7% increase in final biomass. Among the subsoiling treatments, DI-H prolonged Tdry by 15.05 d compared with ST, but reduced the average post-anthesis dry matter accumulation rate (Bmean) by 0.10 t hm-2 d-1, leading to no significant difference in total dry matter accumulation. However, DI-H extended Tgrain by 2.56 d and increased grain weight by 22.1% (P < 0.05). The DI-M treatment extended Tdry by 8.45 d without significantly affecting Bmean, resulting in a 15.7% increase in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation (P < 0.05). In addition, DI-M extended Tgrain by 3.64 d, increased maximum grain filling rate (Gmax) by 0.18 mg grain-1 d-1, and improved grain weight by 20.9% (P < 0.05). In contrast, DI-L shortened both Tdry and Tgrain by 5.22 and 3.27 d, respectively, compared with ST, and reduced both Gmean and Bmean by 0.06 mg grain-1 d-1 and 0.05 t hm-2 d-1, ultimately lowering biomass and grain weight by 17.6% and 12.3% (P < 0.05), respectively. A comprehensive evaluation using the TOPSIS method indicated that DI-M had the highest overall score, suggesting that a lower irrigation threshold of 60% field capacity is the optimal drip irrigation regime for winter wheat under subsoiling. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for developing rational irrigation strategies under subsoiling conditions.

Key words: winter wheat, drip irrigation, subsoiling tillage, grain-filling characteristics, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation

Fig. 1

Daily temperature and rainfall during winter wheat growing seasons in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022"

Table 1

Irrigation experiment design of winter wheat"

耕作方式
Tillage method		 灌溉方式
Irrigation method		 处理
Treatment		 土壤水分下限
Lower limit of soil water content (% FC)		 灌水定额
Irrigating quota (mm)
旋耕Rotary tillage 畦灌Border irrigation RT 70 90
深松耕作Subsoiling tillage 畦灌Border irrigation ST 70 90
滴灌Drip irrigation DI-H 70 30
DI-M 60 30
DI-L 50 30

Fig. 2

Irrigation amounts and timing under different treatments Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. The numbers within the bars represent days after sowing."

Fig. 3

Effects of different irrigation regimes on grain filling of winter wheat under drip irrigation Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 2

Estimation of grain filling parameters of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes under drip irrigation"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 Gmean
(mg kernel-1 d-1)		 Gmax
(mg kernel-1 d-1)		 T1
(d)		 Tmax
(d)		 T2
(d)		 ΔT
(d)		 Tgrain
(d)		 R2
2020-
2021		 RT 1.16±0.001 d 2.76±0.02 c 11.23±0.05 d 18.14±0.11 c 25.04±0.17 d 13.81±0.13 a 42.23±0.33 b 0.994**
ST 1.19±0.001 c 2.83±0.02 b 12.04±0.05 c 18.82±0.10 b 25.59±0.15 c 13.55±0.11 b 42.46±0.28 b 0.990**
DI-H 1.20±0.001 b 2.79±0.02 bc 14.04±0.04 a 20.45±0.08 a 26.85±0.13 b 12.81±0.09 c 42.79±0.24 b 0.994**
DI-M 1.23±0.003 a 3.01±0.03 a 13.73±0.07 b 20.59±0.14 a 27.44±0.21 a 13.71±0.14 ab 44.50±0.38 a 0.992**
DI-L 1.14±0.001 e 2.50±0.02 d 12.06±0.04 c 18.23±0.10 c 24.40±0.16 e 12.35±0.12 d 39.77±0.31 c 0.991**
2021-
2022		 RT 1.01±0.001 b 2.75±0.03 d 12.47±0.09 d 20.48±0.16 c 28.49±0.23 c 16.02±0.14 d 48.43±0.39 c 0.981**
ST 1.03±0.006 a 2.87±0.04 c 13.20±0.11 b 21.38±0.19 b 29.57±0.27 b 16.37±0.16 c 49.94±0.47 b 0.983**
DI-H 0.97±0.006 d 2.98±0.03 b 13.92±0.09 a 23.01±0.15 a 32.10±0.21 a 18.18±0.12 b 54.72±0.35 a 0.991**
DI-M 0.98±0.006 c 3.04±0.02 a 13.82±0.06 a 23.03±0.11 a 32.24±0.15 a 18.42±0.09 a 55.17±0.26 a 0.993**
DI-L 0.97±0.006 d 2.50±0.02 e 12.99±0.06 c 20.36±0.10 c 27.73±0.15 d 14.75±0.09 e 46.09±0.26 d 0.981**

Fig. 4

Effects of different regimes of drip irrigation on biomass accumulation and grain formation of winter wheat after anthesis Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters on the same date indicate differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

Effects of different irrigation regimes of drip irrigation on dry matter accumulation of winter wheat after anthesis Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 3

Estimated parameters of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in winter wheat under different drip irrigation regimes"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 Bmean
(t hm-2 d-1)		 Bmax
(t hm-2 d-1)		 T1
(d)		 Tmax
(d)		 T2
(d)		 ΔT
(d)		 Tdry
(d)		 R2
2020-
2021		 RT 0.34±0.006 a 0.38±0.00 d 4.45±0.04 c 7.49±0.06 e 10.53±0.17 d 6.08±0.21 d 18.09±0.43 d 0.988**
ST 0.34±0.006 a 0.49±0.00 c 3.91±0.00 d 8.23±0.10 d 12.54±0.20 c 8.64±0.21 c 23.29±0.45 c 0.979**
DI-H 0.22±0.000 d 0.59±0.01 b 6.67±0.04 b 15.18±0.09 a 23.69±0.14 a 17.02±0.11 a 44.88±0.27 a 0.926**
DI-M 0.27±0.000 c 0.61±0.01 a 3.78±0.04 e 10.96±0.11 b 18.14±0.18 b 14.36±0.15 b 36.01±0.36 b 0.912**
DI-L 0.28±0.000 b 0.30±0.01 e 7.23±0.04 a 9.75±0.12 c 12.28±0.22 c 5.04±0.18 e 18.56±0.44 d 0.991**
2021-
2022		 RT 0.42±0.012 a 0.56±0.01 d 4.32±0.06 e 8.20±0.11 e 12.08±0.29 e 7.76±0.35 d 21.75±0.73 d 0.984**
ST 0.40±0.006 b 0.63±0.01 c 6.79±0.01 d 11.26±0.10 c 15.73±0.18 c 8.94±0.18 c 26.85±0.41 c 0.994**
DI-H 0.33±0.000 d 0.66±0.01 b 10.34±0.03 a 15.91±0.10 a 21.48±0.18 a 11.15±0.17 a 35.35±0.39 a 0.958**
DI-M 0.42±0.000 a 0.74±0.01 a 8.70±0.03 b 13.67±0.11 b 18.65±0.18 b 9.95±0.14 b 31.03±0.36 b 0.976**
DI-L 0.36±0.006 c 0.44±0.01 e 7.45±0.01 c 10.50±0.16 d 13.55±0.31 d 6.10±0.30 e 21.14±0.68 d 1.000**

Fig. 6

Effects of different regimes of drip irrigation on post-anthesis dry matter accumulation of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters on the same date indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 7

Effects of different drip irrigation regimes on post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat under deep subsoiling tillage Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters on the same date indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 8

Relationships and correlation analysis between the lower limit of soil moisture and biomass, grain weight, and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in winter wheat under different drip irrigation regimes TB is the total biomass at maturity stage; GW is the grain weight at maturity stage; PDM is the post-anthesis dry matter accumulation at maturity stage; Tdry is the duration of dry matter accumulation after anthesis, Tgrain is the duration of grain filling, Bmean is the mean dry matter accumulation rate after anthesis, Gmean is the mean grain filling rate. FC is field capacity. *, ** indicates significant correlation at the 0.05, and 0.01 level, respectively."

Table 4

Weight of different indexes of winter wheat based on entropy weight method"

指标
Index		 2020-2021 2021-2022
ej dj wj (%) ej dj wj (%)
生物量 Biomass 0.832 0.168 10.539 0.752 0.248 14.141
籽粒重 Grain weight 0.713 0.287 18.021 0.764 0.236 13.454
花后干物质积累量 Post-anthesis dry matter accumulation 0.796 0.204 12.800 0.822 0.178 10.109
Tdry 0.612 0.388 24.317 0.691 0.309 17.595
Tgrain 0.839 0.161 10.076 0.781 0.219 12.454
Bmean 0.819 0.181 11.341 0.829 0.171 9.715
Gmean 0.794 0.206 12.907 0.604 0.396 22.531

Table 5

Comprehensive scores of TOPSIS"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 D+ D- 综合得分
Comprehensive score		 排序
Rank
2020-2021 RT 0.741 0.432 0.368 4
ST 0.591 0.566 0.489 3
DI-H 0.377 0.851 0.693 2
DI-M 0.255 0.877 0.775 1
DI-L 0.952 0.169 0.151 5
2021-2022 RT 0.728 0.470 0.392 4
ST 0.445 0.675 0.603 2
DI-H 0.580 0.751 0.564 3
DI-M 0.411 0.813 0.664 1
DI-L 0.946 0.134 0.124 5
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