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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 1061-1076.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41054

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Effects of elevated CO2 concentration, increased temperature and their interaction on the carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Liangxing 99 winter wheat leaves

WANG Jiao(), BAI Hai-Xia, HAN Yu-Yan, LIANG Hui, FENG Ya-Nan, ZHANG Dong-Sheng, LI Ping, ZONG Yu-Zheng, SHI Xin-Rui, HAO Xing-Yu()   

  1. College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2024-08-08 Accepted:2024-12-12 Online:2025-04-12 Published:2024-12-18
  • Contact: E-mail: haoxingyu1976@126.com
  • Supported by:
    Youth Talents Support Program of Shanxi Agricultural University(BJRC201602);Graduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Program of College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University(2023YDT03);Graduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Program of College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University(2023YCX05);Graduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Program of College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University(2023YCX42)

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Abstract:

It is well established that either elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration or increased temperature alone can significantly influence wheat growth and yield. However, limited research has explored the combined effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on wheat throughout its entire growth period. In this study, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum “Liangxing99”) was cultivated in environment-controlled chambers under two CO2 concentrations (ambient and ambient + 200 μmol mol-1 and two temperature regimes (ambient and ambient + 2℃). Phenological development, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen assimilation, and yield were systematically investigated. Elevated CO2 enhanced the net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency during the elongation, anthesis, and grain filling stages, while also increasing soluble sugar content during the grain filling stage. Although the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) decreased during grain filling, elevated CO2 still increased biomass and yield by 32.8% and 30.0%, respectively, primarily by increasing the number of grains. In contrast, increased temperature shortened the overall growth period of winter wheat, reduced glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) activity during the elongation stage, and decreased soluble sugar, starch, and sucrose contents. Additionally, increased temperature lowered water use efficiency and GOGAT activity at anthesis, as well as sucrose synthase and GS activities during grain filling, resulting in a 12.2% reduction in biomass, though yield was not significantly affected. Elevated CO2 mitigated the adverse effects of increased temperature by advancing flowering, extending the grain filling period, and alleviating the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation. Specifically, elevated CO2 upregulated TaRUBP1 expression during elongation, which enhanced the net photosynthetic rate and increased soluble sugar content at elongation and sucrose content at anthesis. Moreover, elevated CO2 upregulated TaGS2 expression at anthesis and TaNR expression during grain filling, which increased GS activity at anthesis and nitrate reductase (NR) activity during grain filling. These responses alleviated the inhibition of nitrogen assimilation caused by high temperature. Consequently, elevated CO2 mitigated the negative effects of increased temperature on biomass production, while enhancing yield by 23.9% under elevated temperature, primarily through an increased number of grains. In summary, elevated CO2 alleviated the negative impacts of increased temperature on winter wheat biomass by enhancing photosynthetic capacity, promoting the accumulation of photosynthetic assimilates, improving nitrogen assimilation, and extending the grain filling period. Additionally, it increased yield by boosting the number of grains under elevated temperature conditions.

Key words: winter wheat, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, growth, yield, elevated CO2 concentration, increased temperature

Fig. 1

CO2 concentrations of different treatments during the wheat growing season CK: ambient CO2 concentration, ambient temperature; EC: ambient CO2 concentration + 200 μmol mol-1, ambient temperature; ET: ambient CO2 concentration, ambient temperature +2℃; ECT: ambient CO2 concentration + 200 μmol mol-1, ambient temperature +2℃."

Fig. 2

Temperature of different treatments during the wheat growing season Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Table 1

The primer information of genes"

基因
Gene		 基因登录号
Gene ID		 基因功能
Gene function		 引物序列
Primer sequence (5′-3′)
TaActin AB181991 内参基因
Reference gene		 F: GGAGAAGCTCGCTTACGTG
R: GGGCACCTGAACCTTTCTGA
TaRUBP KF801504.1 1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/转移酶Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase F: ATTACTTGAATGCGACTGCG
R: CGGCAATAATGAGCCAAAGT
TaPATPaseβ-sub M16843.1 叶绿体ATP合成酶β亚基
ATP synthase β-subunit, chloroplastic		 F: AATGATGCGGAACTTGGT
R: CATACGGCGGGAGTCAT
TaFd1 X75089.1 铁氧还蛋白
Ferredoxin		 F: TCACCTGCCACGCCTAC
R: CATCGAGCAATTCATTCG
TaD1 M21352.1 PSII复合体D1蛋白
PSII protein D1		 F: TGGGCTGACTTGGTTGAC
R: GAAGTTGCGGTCAATAAGGT
TaD2 EU492899.1 PSII复合体D2蛋白
PSII protein D2		 F: AACTTGCTCGGTCTGTTC
R: GCCGCACCTAATACTCC
TaNR TC234027 硝酸还原酶
Nitrate reductase		 F: GGCCAATTCYTTCATCTCCTTCTG
R: TACRTSCACAGATTGATGCGTCSA
TaNIR FJ527909.1 亚硝酸还原酶
Nitrite reductase		 F: CAGGAGAAGGTGAAGCTGG
R: TCATGAACCGCCCATACTG
TaGS1 DQ124209.1 胞质谷氨酰胺合成酶
Glutamine synthetase, cytosolic		 F: CGAGTCGATGAGGAAGGAC
R: CCCCAGCTGAAGGTGTTGA
TaGS2 DQ124212.1 质体谷氨酰胺合成酶
Glutamine synthetase, plastidial		 F: AGAGAATCACGGAGCAAGC
R: ATCACGTCGAAACCTCCATC
TaFd-GOGAT TC394038 质体谷氨酸合酶
Glutamate synthetase, plastidial		 F: TGGTGCCACCCAGCGAAG
R: AGCTCGTTTCCAGAAGATGCCTT

Fig. 3

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on phenology of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 4

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the chlorophyll of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the P ≤ 0.05 level."

Fig. 5

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the photosynthetic parameters of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the P ≤ 0.05 level."

Fig. 6

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the relative expression of genes associated with photosynthesis of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different letters mean significant differences among treatments at the P ≤ 0.05 level."

Fig. 7

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the carbohydrate metabolism of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the P ≤ 0.05 level."

Fig. 8

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the nitrogen assimilation of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the P ≤ 0.05 level."

Fig. 9

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the relative expression of genes associated with nitrogen assimilation of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the P ≤ 0.05 level."

Fig. 10

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the biomass and yield of winter wheat Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments at the P ≤ 0.05 level."

Table 2

Effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the yield components of winter wheat"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 单穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 单位面积穗数
Spike number (m-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)
2019-2020 CK 35.13±0.79 ab 259.99±37.41 b 40.85±5.49 a
EC 36.28±1.62 a 331.49±23.88 b 44.84±2.27 a
ET 31.02±3.03 ab 285.99±13.20 b 40.55±1.92 a
ECT 28.22±3.28 b 412.74±19.63 a 38.73±0.99 a
2020-2021 CK 29.46±1.53 a 235.62±6.29 b 43.18±1.02 b
EC 29.55±1.64 a 328.24±25.38 a 46.47±1.22 a
ET 32.01±1.92 a 247.81±10.75 b 43.08±0.07 b
ECT 27.87±1.40 a 341.24±5.14 a 42.15±0.82 b
P-value 年份Year ns * ns
CO2 ns ** ns
T ns * ns
CO2´T ns ns ns

Fig. 11

PLS-PM analysis of the effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on the biomass and yield of winter wheat ES: elongation stage; AS: anthesis stage; GFS: grain filling stage. The photosynthetic capacity (latent variable) was reflected by net photosynthetic rate (observed variable). The C metabolism was represented by latent variables, specifically indicated by the soluble sugar, starch, and sucrose content, as well as the activities of SUS and SPS. The N assimilation was represented by latent variables, specifically indicated by the activities of NR, GS, GOGAT, and GPT. The red solid arrows and blue solid arrows indicate positive and negative causal relationships, respectively. The gray dashed arrows indicate non-significant path relationships. The numbers to the arrows, along with their thickness, jointly represent the magnitude of the path coefficient. R2 beside the latent variables were the coefficients of determination. ***, **, and * indicate significant differences at the 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05 probability levels, respectively. The Goodness of Fit statistics of the model was 0.6."

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