氮磷钾肥施用对冬油菜增产效果及因冻害减产程度的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44152

Abstract

Abstract:

In early 2024, the primary oilseed rape production areas in the Yangtze River Basin experienced low temperatures and cold wave events, which severely impacted winter oilseed rape production. To investigate the effects of combined nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer application on winter rapeseed yield and to examine the differential responses of rapeseed to these nutrients under freezing stress, a multi-site field experiment was conducted during the 2022/2023 (control year) and 2023/2024 (freezing stress year) growing seasons. The experiment included five treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), balanced application of N, P, and K (NPK), and treatments omitting nitrogen (-N), phosphorus (-P), or potassium (-K) based on the NPK treatment. By integrating meteorological data from the two growing seasons, rapeseed yield, yield components, shoot biomass, and harvest index were compared across multiple sites to analyze the response of rapeseed to freezing stress under different nutrient application conditions. The results showed that, compared to the NPK treatment, rapeseed yields in the -N, -P, and -K treatments were reduced by an average of 71.8%, 76.6%, and 13.4%, respectively, across the two growing seasons. This indicates that nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly improved rapeseed yield, while the effect of potassium fertilizer was comparably smaller. When comparing the freezing stress year to the control year, rapeseed yields were significantly reduced across all experimental sites. Specifically, yields under the CK, -N, -P, -K, and NPK treatments decreased by an average of 43.6%, 30.7%, 48.9%, 43.2%, and 45.7%, respectively. A lower number of siliques per plant was identified as the primary cause of yield reduction, with average decreases of 37.6%, 44.3%, 32.3%, 22.3%, and 22.8% observed in the respective treatments. Additionally, the number of seeds per silique and shoot biomass were significantly reduced under freezing stress, while the harvest index showed a significant increase. Further correlation analyses between rapeseed yield, climatic variables, and basal soil nutrient content revealed that the number of days with extreme low temperatures during the freezing period was positively correlated with the severity of freezing stress. Moreover, the nutrient demands for phosphorus and potassium intensified under freezing stress. In conclusion, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are the primary nutritional factors contributing to high yield, while phosphorus and potassium fertilizers play critical roles in stabilizing yield under freezing conditions. A balanced application of N, P, and K fertilizers is essential for maintaining relatively high and stable yields in winter oilseed rape production.

Key words: winter oilseed rape, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, freezing stress, yield, yield components

MENG Zi-Zhen, LIU Chen, SHENG Qian-Nan, XIONG Zhi-Hao, FANG Ya-Ting, ZHAO Jian, YU Qiu-Hua, WANG Kun-Kun, LI Xiao-Kun, REN Tao, LU Jian-Wei. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application on the yield increase of winter oilseed rape and the degree of yield reduction due to freezing stress[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(4): 1037-1049.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield components of oilseed rape"

试验地点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	单株角果数 Pods per plant			每角粒数 Seeds per pod		千粒重 1000-seed weight (g)
		对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year		对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year	对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year
		武汉 Wuhan	CK	31.7±4.5 d	20.8±4.2 d^*	20.7±1.2 b		18.8±1.7 c^ns	2.97±0.06 c	2.89±0.09 d^ns
-N	186.6±26.0 c		98.1±13.9 c^**	21.3±1.5 b		20.6±1.4 bc^ns	3.20±0.13 b	3.14±0.03 c^ns
-P	23.2±4.9 d		18.4±4.5 d^ns	22.3±1.5 ab		15.3±2.4 d^*	3.15±0.14 bc	2.96±0.08 cd^ns
-K	264.9±23.3 b		182.2±24.3 b^*	24.0±1.0 a		23.2±0.3 ab^ns	3.26±0.08 b	3.70±0.10 a^**
NPK	329.2±61.5 a		223.2±19.3 a^*	24.3±1.2 a		23.9±1.0 a^ns	3.56±0.17 a	3.38±0.13 b^ns
沙洋 Shayang	CK	110.4±20.9 bc	60.0±15.0 c^*	18.9±0.9 bc		17.1±2.3 a^ns	3.99±0.12 bc	3.78±0.16 a^ns
	-N	176.5±33.3 b	93.2±19.9 c^*	22.8±4.7 ab		19.2±0.8 a^ns	4.23±0.05 b	3.55±0.05 a^***
	-P	60.2±3.2 c	40.0±6.9 c^*	19.6±2.0 c		16.3±2.3 a^ns	3.28±0.45 c	3.83±0.06 a^ns
	-K	394.5±97.7 a	365.2±66.3 a^ns	25.2±1.2 a		19.4±1.5 a^**	4.99±0.42 a	3.53±0.55 a^*
	NPK	435.1±19.1 a	296.7±35.8 b^**	21.0±1.1 abc		17.8±0.9 a^*	4.13±0.06 bc	3.22±0.14 a^***
武穴 Wuxue	CK	115.9±15.5 c	78.1±21.4 c^ns	19.9±1.3 a		15.5±1.0 a^**	3.05±0.20 b	3.82±0.32 bc^*
	-N	129.7±4.3 c	80.1±17.7 c^**	20.0±2.7 a		17.2±1.7 a^ns	3.10±0.05 b	3.87±0.40 bc^*
	-P	212.4±23.9 b	121.6±61.6 bc^ns	20.1±2.4 a		15.3±0.9 a^*	3.71±0.62 a	3.70±0.19 c^ns
	-K	272.6±36.2 a	195.6±23.1 ab^*	19.3±1.3 a		16.2±2.6 a^ns	3.94±0.10 a	4.90±0.44 a^*
	NPK	297.1±16.0 a	283.8±91.5 a^ns	22.0±0.7 a		19.3±0.7 a^**	4.10±0.03 a	4.47±0.52 ab^ns
方差分析ANOVA		F值 F-value
年份Year (Y)		59.714^***		62.832^***			0.087^ns
试验地点 Experimental site (E)		24.999^***		21.132^***			60.975^***
处理Treatment (T)		180.337^***		14.817^***			17.922^***
Y×E		0.144^ns		1.148^ns			37.074^***
Y×T		1.816^ns		1.123^ns			1.304^ns
E×T		14.362^***		3.815^**			4.640^***
Y×E×T		2.307^*		2.228^*			5.991^***

Table 6

Table 7

Fig. 2

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试验地点 Experimental site	土壤类型 Soil type	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
武汉 Wuhan	黄棕壤 Yellow-brown earth	7.04	5.01	0.48	1.26	123.40
沙洋 Shayang	黄棕壤 Yellow-brown earth	6.84	11.78	0.74	5.15	212.00
武穴 Wuxue	红壤 Red earth	5.96	25.20	1.60	10.50	26.30

试验地点 Experimental site	品种 Variety	移栽密度 Planting density (×10⁴ plants hm^-2)	年份 Year	育苗/播种时间Seedling/ sowing time	移栽时间 Planting time	收获时间Harvesting time	全生育期天数 Total growing day (d)
武汉 Wuhan	华油杂9号 Huayouza 9	10.0	对照年 Control year	2022/09/15	2022/10/22	2023/05/13	240
武汉 Wuhan			冻害年 Freezing stress year	2023/09/20	2023/11/11	2024/05/13	237
沙洋 Shayang	华油杂62R Huayouza 62R	11.3	对照年 Control year	2022/09/17	2022/10/25	2023/05/08	233
沙洋 Shayang			冻害年 Freezing stress year	2023/09/20	2023/10/27	2024/05/05	228
武穴 Wuxue	华油杂9号 Huayouza 9	11.3	对照年 Control year	2022/09/18	2022/11/07	2023/05/09	234
武穴 Wuxue			冻害年 Freezing stress year	2023/09/19	2023/11/03	2024/05/06	231

试验地点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year	冻害减产量 Yield reduction value	冻害减产率 Yield reduction rate (%)
武汉 Wuhan	CK	183±17 d	114±22 d^*	69	37.8
	-N	954±21 c	629±35 c^***	325	34.1
	-P	113±20 d	87±15 d^ns	26	23.0
	-K	1996±205 b	1023±41 b^**	973	48.8
	NPK	2651±107 a	1141±65 a^***	1510	56.9
沙洋 Shayang	CK	804±86 bc	201±65 c^**	603	74.9
	-N	1017±133 b	628±180 b^*	389	38.3
	-P	653±2 c	105±38 c^***	548	83.9
	-K	3117±175 a	1321±14 a^***	1796	57.6
	NPK	3321±367 a	1291±183 a^**	2030	61.1
武穴 Wuxue	CK	661±137 c	542±140 c^ns	119	18.0
	-N	652±102 c	524±67 c^ns	128	19.7
	-P	1978±470 b	1190±397 b^ns	788	39.9
	-K	2180±8 ab	1674±210 ab^*	506	23.2
	NPK	2526±166 a	2045±238 a^*	481	19.0
方差分析ANOVA		F值 F-value
年份Year (Y)		356.484^***
试验地点Experimental site (E)		68.682^***
处理Treatment (T)		376.175^***
Y×E		30.324^***
Y×T		37.427^***
E×T		26.993^***
Y×E×T		8.887^***

试验地点Experimental site	处理Treatment	地上部生物量Shoot biomass (kg hm^-2)		籽粒收获指数Harvest index (kg kg^-1)
		对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year	对照年 Control year	冻害年 Freezing stress year
		武汉 Wuhan	CK	632±41 d	390±48 c^**	0.29±0.01 a	0.30±0.07 a^ns
-N	3461±465 c		1716±150 b^**	0.28±0.03 a	0.37±0.03 a^*
-P	631±45 d		283±23 c^***	0.18±0.03 b	0.31±0.05 a^*
-K	7182±1402 b		2866±105 a^**	0.28±0.03 a	0.36±0.02 a^*
NPK	9321±883 a		2976±250 a^***	0.29±0.03 a	0.38±0.02 a^**
沙洋 Shayang	CK	2578±323 d	580±164 c^**	0.31±0.02 bc	0.34±0.02 ab^ns
	-N	3556±400 c	1716±417 b^**	0.29±0.01 c	0.36±0.02 a^**
	-P	2815±272 cd	327±115 c^**	0.23±0.02 d	0.32±0.02 b^ns
	-K	8680±374 b	3571±68 a^***	0.36±0.03 a	0.37±0.01 a^ns
	NPK	9533±762 a	3629±613 a^***	0.35±0.02 ab	0.36±0.01 a^ns
武穴 Wuxue	CK	1977±461 b	2295±386 c^ns	0.34±0.01 a	0.23±0.03 a^**
	-N	2140±375 b	2322±246 c^ns	0.31±0.01 b	0.23±0.01 a^**
	-P	7397±1435 a	3177±1664 bc^*	0.27±0.01 c	0.35±0.23 a^ns
	-K	6406±71 a	5024±1365 ab^ns	0.34±0 a	0.34±0.06 a^ns
	NPK	7814±465 a	6096±539 a^*	0.32±0 ab	0.34±0.03 a^ns
方差分析ANOVA		F值 F-value
年份Year (Y)		337.387^***		16.398^***
试验地点 Experimental site (E)		42.309^***		2.268^ns
处理Treatment (T)		222.137^***		3.849^**
Y×E		20.495^***		4.454^*
Y×T		30.801^***		5.898^***
E×T		17.285^***		3.042^**
Y×E×T		10.368^***		2.067^ns

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application on the yield increase of winter oilseed rape and the degree of yield reduction due to freezing stress

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处理 Treatment	施肥量Fertilizer rate
处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	B
CK	0	0	0	0.97
-N	0	60	75	0.97
-P	180	0	75	0.97
-K	180	60	0	0.97
NPK	180	60	75	0.97

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处理 Treatment	冻害程度 Degree of freezing stress (%)
CK	32.8 bc
-N	43.9 a
-P	36.1 ab
-K	36.7 ab
NPK	25.6 c