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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 1077-1090.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41035

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of high temperature and drought stresses on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat after anthesis

LI Qiao1,2(), YE Yang-Chun2, CHANG Xu-Hong2, WANG De-Mei2, WANG Yan-Jie2, YANG Yu-Shuang2, MA Rui-Qi2, ZHAO Guang-Cai2, CAI Rui-Guo1, ZHANG Min1,*(), LIU Xi-Wei2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology / Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Changli 066004, Hebei, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2024-05-20 Accepted:2024-12-12 Online:2025-04-12 Published:2024-12-18
  • Contact: E-mail: liuxiwei@caas.cn; E-mail: zhangmin625@126.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2300202);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03-16);Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences “Institute-level Coordination” Basic Research Business Fees(S2023QH06)

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Abstract:

This study aimed to investigate the effects of high temperature and drought stresses on wheat yield and their underlying physiological mechanisms. Two wheat varieties, Zhongmai 36 (ZM36) and Jimai 22 (JM22), were selected during the winter wheat growing season from 2022 to 2023. Three stress treatments—high temperature (HT), drought (DS), and combined high temperature and drought stress (DHS)—were applied after anthesis under field conditions in Beijing and Zhaoxian, Hebei province, along with a natural environment control (CK). The effects of the stress treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, leaf senescence, and grain yield were compared. Over the two-year period, the yield, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight of ZM36 in Beijing decreased by 18.0%-40.2%, 10.4%-16.3%, and 6.9%-22.7%, respectively, while for JM22, the reductions were 18.2%-32.8%, 3.1%-8.7%, and 4.0%-14.6%, respectively. In Zhaoxian, the yield, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight of ZM36 declined by 6.4%-27.8%, 8.2%-23.1%, and 2.9%-11.0%, respectively, while JM22 experienced decreases of 6.8%-35.3%, 8.0%-19.0%, and 0.6%-7.7%, respectively. The yield reductions followed the order: DHS > DS > HT. Additionally, the leaf area index (LAI) of both wheat varieties decreased by 14.4%-36.9%, the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the flag leaf declined by 11.2%-24.6%, and the leaf stay-green duration (Chltotal) was shortened by 1.8-5.0 days. As a result, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the flag leaf decreased by 14.3%-39.6%, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was reduced by 3.5%-10.5%, and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased by 9.3%-27.8%. The combined high temperature and drought stress after anthesis had a much greater impact on the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves than individual drought or high temperature stress. Structural equation modeling revealed that leaf temperature (Tleaf) was negatively correlated with soil volumetric water content (SVC), SPAD, and Pn, while SVC was positively correlated with LAI, SPAD, Pn, and Fv/Fm. Furthermore, higher soil volumetric water content (30%-32% in the 0-20 cm soil layer) reduced canopy and leaf temperatures, delayed wheat leaf senescence, and improved photosynthetic efficiency. These findings provide a theoretical basis for strategies to achieve high and stable wheat yields under stress conditions.

Key words: wheat, high temperature, drought, combined stresses, photosynthetic characteristics, yield

Fig. 1

Microclimate changes in experimental plots under stress treatments at the Beijing and Zhaoxian experimental sites from 2022 to 2023 CK: non-stress treatment; HT: high temperature treatment; DS: drought stress treatment; DHS: combined drought and high temperature treatment."

Table 1

Effects of high temperature, drought and combined stresses of high temperature and drought on wheat yield and yield components after anthesis"

地点
Location		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 穗数
Spikes
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernels per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 不孕小穗数
Infertile spikelet
per spike
北京
Beijing		 中麦36
ZM36		 CK 8933.0 a 520.1 a 44.2 a 46.2 a 1.6 b
HT 7326.9 b 498.3 a 39.6 b 43.0 b 2.3 ab
DS 5464.8 c 506.7 a 37.8 c 37.7 c 2.1 b
DHS 5345.3 c 496.7 a 37.0 c 35.7 d 2.4 a
济麦22
JM22		 CK 9229.8 a 538.8 a 42.4 a 47.1 a 1.0 a
HT 7548.9 b 522.5 a 41.1 ab 45.2 b 1.0 a
DS 6786.2 c 522.5 a 40.5 b 42.6 c 1.1 a
DHS 6199.7 d 515.0 a 38.7 c 40.2 d 1.4 a
河北赵县Zhaoxian, Hebei 中麦36
ZM36		 CK 9762.9 a 689.1 a 36.4 a 48.4 a 2.7 b
HT 9133.8 b 685.1 a 30.6 bc 47.0 b 3.1 ab
DS 8996.7 b 681.0 a 33.4 ab 45.7 c 2.6 b
DHS 7052.1 c 672.0 a 28.0 c 43.1 d 4.5 a
济麦22
JM22		 CK 9575.6 a 716.1 a 31.1 a 49.3 a 2.9 b
HT 8924.9 b 709.1 a 26.2 bc 49.0 a 3.9 b
DS 8088.8 c 695.1 a 28.6 ab 47.3 b 2.8 a
DHS 6199.8 d 708.0 a 25.2 c 45.5 c 4.1 a
地点 Location (L) ** ** ** ** **
品种 Cultivar (C) ns ** ** ** **
处理 Treatment (T) ** ns ** ** **
L×C ** ns ** * **
L×T ** ns ** ** **
C×T ns ns ** ** ns
L×C×T ** ns ns ** ns

Table 2

Correlation coefficient and path coefficient between grain yield and yield components"

因素
Factor		 与产量的简单相关系数
Correlation coefficient with yield		 直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient		 间接通径系数
Indirect path coefficient
X1 X2 X3
X1 0.50** -0.01 — 0.21 -0.69
X2 -0.20 0.27* -0.01 — -0.37
X3 0.84** 0.97** -0.01 -0.10 —

Fig. 2

Effects of different stress treatments on wheat leaf area index (LAI) and flag leaf chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) after anthesis Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference; n.d.: not determined."

Table 3

Flag leaf senescence model and the related parameters on different stress treatment"

地点
Location		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 旗叶衰老模型
Flag leaf senescence model		 最大衰老速率
Rmax		 平均衰老速率
Rave		 衰老速率达
最大的时期
M		 叶绿素
总持续期
Chltotal		 叶绿素稳定持续期
Chlper		 快速
衰老期
Chlloss
北京
Beijing		 中麦36
ZM36		 CK G=55.68 × e(-0.0005 × e(0.24t)) R2=0.998 5.02 b 2.51 b 30.88 a 34.31 a 21.47 a 12.84 a
HT G=55.65 × e(-0.0017 × e(0.24t)) R2=0.996 4.83 b 2.41 b 28.72 b 32.22 b 18.16 b 14.07 a
DS G=54.18 × e(-0.0004 × e(0.29t)) R2=0.991 5.78 a 2.89 a 26.88 c 29.69 c 17.09 bc 12.60 a
DHS G=53.82 × e(-0.0005 × e(0.29t)) R2=0.993 5.48 ab 2.74 ab 26.32 d 29.30 c 16.61 c 12.68 a
济麦22
JM22		 CK G=61.40 × e(-0.0003 × e(0.26t)) R2=0.990 4.86 bc 2.43 bc 31.24 a 34.39 a 22.23 a 12.16 b
HT G=62.13 × e(-0.0050 × e(0.18t)) R2=0.998 4.20 c 2.10 c 28.76 b 33.33 b 17.09 b 16.24 a
DS G=61.02 × e(-0.0021 × e(0.23t)) R2=0.999 5.22 ab 2.61 ab 26.58 c 30.19 c 16.86 b 13.32 b
DHS G=61.22 × e(-0.0034 × e(0.22t)) R2=0.993 6.01 a 3.00 a 26.31 c 30.19 c 16.07 b 14.12 b
河北
赵县
Zhaoxian, Hebei		 中麦36
ZM36		 CK G=54.76 × e(-0.0002 × e(0.27t)) R2=0.996 5.43 a 2.72 a 30.64 a 33.71 a 21.41 a 12.30 a
HT G=53.72 × e(-0.0003 × e(0.29t)) R2=0.993 5.82 a 2.91 a 28.53 b 31.37 b 19.95 ab 11.42 a
DS G=51.82 × e(-0.0004 × e(0.29t)) R2=0.996 5.46 a 2.73 a 27.26 c 30.12 c 18.06 bc 12.06 a
DHS G=50.62 × e(-0.0003 × e(0.30t)) R2=0.999 5.55 a 2.78 a 26.50 d 29.24 d 17.24 c 12.00 a
济麦22
JM22		 CK G=60.28 × e(-0.0009 × e(0.22t)) R2=0.998 4.96 ab 2.48 ab 31.15 a 34.88 a 20.90 a 13.98 ab
HT G=60.06 × e(-0.0035 × e(0.20t)) R2=0.998 4.41 b 2.21 b 28.80 b 33.03 b 17.65 b 15.39 a
DS G=58.45 × e(-0.0013 × e(0.25t)) R2=0.999 5.37 ab 2.69 ab 26.84 c 30.19 c 17.52 b 12.68 b
DHS G=58.28 × e(-0.0009 × e(0.27t)) R2=0.999 5.90 a 2.95 a 25.55 d 28.60 d 17.06 b 11.54 b

Fig. 3

Effects of different stresses on wheat Pn, Gs, and Tr after anthesis Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. ZM36: Zhongmai 36; JM22: Jimai 22. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference."

Fig. 4

Relationship between leaf temperature and leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf surface relative humidity, and net photosynthetic rate under different stress Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01."

Fig. 5

Effects of different stresses on the fluorescence parameters of wheat flag leaves after anthesis. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. F0: basic fluorescence; Fm: maximum fluorescence; Fv: variable fluorescence; Fm-less: steady-state fluorescence; Fv/Fm: maximum quantum yield of PSII; Fv/F0: potential quantum yield of PSII; NPQ: non-photochemical quenching coefficient. ZM36: Zhongmai 36; JM22: Jimai 22. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P < 0.05. ns: no significant difference."

Table 4

Grey correlation degree of grains weight and related traits under different treatments"

指标
Indicator		 CK HT DS DHS
关联度
Correlation
degree		 排名
Ranking		 关联度
Correlation
degree		 排名
Ranking		 关联度
Correlation
degree		 排名
Ranking		 关联度
Correlation
degree		 排名
Ranking
穗粒数 Kernels per spike 0.8135 1 0.5481 8 0.5256 6 0.7887 1
平均衰老速率 Rave 0.7079 2 0.5096 9 0.7481 1 0.5720 7
叶绿素总持续时间 Chltotal 0.5170 9 0.7506 2 0.5525 5 0.6818 4
净光合速率 Pn 0.6661 4 0.6108 7 0.6888 2 0.7039 3
气孔导度 Gs 0.6170 6 0.6695 6 0.4802 9 0.6718 6
蒸腾速率 Tr 0.6300 5 0.7016 5 0.5086 7 0.5447 8
PSII最大光化学效率 Fv/Fm 0.5352 8 0.7375 3 0.6027 3 0.6753 5
PSII潜在光化学效率 Fv/F0 0.5866 7 0.7328 4 0.5086 7 0.7306 2
非光化学淬灭系数 NPQ 0.6681 3 0.7595 1 0.5554 4 0.5231 9

Fig. 6

Relationship between photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and leaf characteristics (a): left lower Jimi 22, right upper Zhongmai 36; (b): principal component analysis; (c): structural equation model (SEM) (c), χ2=9.80, df=8, P=0.28, GFI=0.97, CFI=0.99, NFI=0.99, TLI=0.99, RMR=0.002, RMSEA=0.049, black and red real line arrows showed significant positive and negative correlation respectively, dotted line arrows showed no significant correlation; *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01. SVC: soil volume water content; LAI: leaf area index; SPAD: chlorophyll relative content; Tleaf: leaf temperature; Pn: net photosynthetic rate; Gs: stomatal conductance; Tr: transpiration rate; RHsfc: leaf surface relative humidity; F0: basic fluorescence; Fm: maximum fluorescence; Fv: variable fluorescence; Fm-less: steady-state fluorescence; Fv/Fm: maximum quantum yield of PSII; Fv/F0: potential quantum yield of PSII; NPQ: non-photochemical quenching coefficient."

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