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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 1312-1325.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41056

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of supplementary irrigation on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency in semi humid areas of the Loess Plateau

WANG Dong*(), WANG Sen, SHANG Li, FENG Hao-Wei, ZHANG Yong-Qiao, CUI Jia-Ming, LI Shuang, ZHANG Jia-Cong, CHE Huan   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / National Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and Efficient Production, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2024-08-31 Accepted:2025-01-23 Online:2025-05-12 Published:2025-02-11
  • Contact: *E-mail: wangd@nwafu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key R&D Program Project of Shaanxi Province(2023-ZDLNY-01)

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Abstract:

This study aimed to optimize supplementary irrigation strategies to improve winter wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the semi-humid region of the Loess Plateau. During the 2021-2023 winter wheat growing seasons, experiments were conducted at three representative sites: Yangling, Qianxian, and Heyang. Five supplementary irrigation treatments were implemented: no irrigation during the growing season (W0), irrigation at the overwintering stage (W1), irrigation at the jointing stage (W2), irrigation at the overwintering + jointing stages (W3), and irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages (W4). The goal of each irrigation treatment was to restore soil moisture in the 0-20 cm layer to 100% of its relative field capacity. The study explored the effects of irrigation timing and stages on winter wheat water consumption, yield, and WUE. The results showed that precipitation during the winter wheat growing season varied significantly between years, but total water consumption remained relatively stable, with soil water playing a crucial role in regulating seasonal water use. Soil moisture conditions at the sowing stage influenced the effectiveness of supplementary irrigation in improving yield and WUE. Optimal water consumption for achieving high yield and WUE was determined to be 336.3 mm, 393.8 mm, 440.7 mm, and 519.1 mm from sowing to overwintering, jointing, flowering, and maturity, respectively. Across all experimental sites, water consumption primarily consisted of soil water and precipitation, with irrigation contributing less than 20% of total water use. Supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage demonstrated a more consistent and significant yield increase across the three sites over the two years. High yields (9888.5-10,697.0 kg hm-2 in the first year and 9015.4-9756.9 kg hm-2 in the second year) and high WUE (21.2-23.9 kg hm-2 mm-1 in the first year and 20.9-21.1 kg hm-2 mm-1 in the second year) were achieved at Yangling and Qianxian. At Heyang, where annual precipitation was 465.3 mm and growing season precipitation ranged from 114.8-194.7 mm, the optimal treatment was irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages. In conclusion, in areas of the Loess Plateau with annual precipitation of 465.3-635.1 mm, supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage is generally sufficient to achieve high yield and WUE, with one irrigation event often being adequate. In regions with lower annual precipitation (465.3 mm) and limited growing season precipitation (114.8-194.7 mm), the combination of irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages is recommended to achieve optimal yield and WUE.

Key words: Loess Plateau, winter wheat, supplementary irrigation, grain yield, water use efficiency

Table 1

Climatic factors of each test site from 2021 to 2023"

试验点
Test site		 纬度, 经度
Latitude, longitude		 海拔高度
Altitude
(m)		 年平均气温
Annual average
temperature
(℃)		 年日照时数
Annual sunshine
hours
(h)		 年均降水量
Annual average
precipitation (mm)		 生长季降水量
Precipitation during the growing season (mm)
2021-2022 2022-2023
杨凌 Yangling 34°17′N, 108°8′E 454.8 12.9 2163.8 635.1 168.8 300.7
乾县 Qianxian 34°27′N, 108°7′E 520.2 13.1 2172.6 584.5 185.3 328.6
合阳 Heyang 35°80′N, 110°14′E 721.0 11.5 2264.4 465.3 114.8 194.7

Fig. 1

Monthly precipitation (bars) and average temperature (lines) at the three experimental sites from 2021 to 2023"

Table 2

Soil nutrient content in the 0-20 cm layer before sowing and winter wheat sowing and harvesting date at the three experimental sites"

试验点
Test site		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮Available N (mg kg-1) 速效磷Available P (mg kg-1) 速效钾Available K (mg kg-1) 2021-2022 2022-2023
播种期Sowing
date
(month/day)		 收获期
Harvest
date
(month/day)		 播种期Sowing
date
(month/day)		 收获期
Harvest
date
(month/day)
杨凌Yangling 24.63 1.54 1.11 67.61 18.75 206.33 10/18 06/07 10/17 06/07
乾县Qianxian 25.83 1.60 1.10 65.60 16.29 326.52 10/23 06/08 10/25 06/08
合阳Heyang 16.86 1.08 0.86 47.23 13.27 197.18 10/24 06/08 10/20 06/14

Table 3

Field capacity, relative soil moisture and water storage of each soil layer in the 0-100 cm at the sowing stage at three test sites"

年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 田间持水量
Field capacity (%)		 土壤相对含水量
Soil relative water content (%)		 土壤贮水量
Soil water storage (mm)
杨凌Yangling 乾县Qianxian 合阳Heyang 杨凌Yangling 乾县Qianxian 合阳Heyang 杨凌Yangling 乾县Qianxian 合阳Heyang
2021-2022 0-10 32.7 35.1 34.1 74.8 71.5 53.3 32.7 30.6 24.5
10-20 24.8 30.2 23.5 79.8 57.3 78.1 34.4 27.4 29.4
20-30 25.8 28.7 23.3 80.3 55.7 80.2 32.2 28.5 29.6
30-40 27.1 29.7 25.3 84.6 63.3 72.7 34.8 31.6 27.8
40-60 26.9 29.4 24.6 73.6 68.8 75.2 64.7 68.9 59.0
60-80 26.0 28.5 27.0 73.7 70.2 69.1 62.0 71.0 56.9
80-100 26.4 26.7 28.5 73.4 67.7 65.9 59.9 65.8 55.1
2022-2023 0-10 32.7 35.1 34.1 52.5 52.1 53.6 22.9 22.3 15.4
10-20 24.8 30.2 23.5 72.4 68.8 62.6 27.8 28.2 23.5
20-30 25.8 28.7 23.3 74.2 69.1 56.0 29.7 29.0 20.7
30-40 27.1 29.7 25.3 71.2 66.4 53.3 29.3 28.1 20.4
40-60 26.9 29.4 24.6 70.2 67.1 52.2 58.0 56.1 40.9
60-80 26.0 28.5 27.0 72.6 75.5 65.7 55.2 61.9 47.6
80-100 26.4 26.7 28.5 71.0 82.7 63.2 53.3 60.9 56.2

Table 4

Supplementary irrigation stage and water amount for winter wheat in different treatments (mm)"

年份
Year		 试验点
Test site		 处理
Treatment		 越冬期
Overwintering		 拔节期
Jointing		 完花期
Seven days after anthesis		 总量
Total
2021-2022 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 33.2 0 0 33.2
W2 0 29.3 0 29.3
W3 33.2 32.4 0 65.6
W4 0 29.3 44.9 74.2
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 34.3 0 0 34.3
W2 0 29.3 0 29.3
W3 34.3 32.4 0 66.7
W4 0 29.3 38.1 67.4
合阳
Heyang		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 35.4 0 0 35.4
W2 0 29.3 0 29.3
W3 35.4 32.4 0 67.8
W4 0 29.3 41.3 70.6
2022-2023 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 33.8 0 0 33.8
W2 0 23.8 0 23.8
W3 33.8 32.4 0 66.2
W4 0 23.8 42.2 66.0
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 40.0 0 0 40.0
W2 0 30.6 0 30.6
W3 40.0 25.5 0 65.5
W4 0 30.6 42.2 72.8
合阳
Heyang		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 33.8 0 0 33.8
W2 0 23.8 0 23.8
W3 33.8 22.4 0 56.2
W4 0 23.8 42.2 66.0

Fig. 2

Consumption of water from different sources during winter wheat growth season Treatments are the same as those given in Table 4. The different letters on the column indicate significant differences between different treatments at the same site (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 3

Dynamic changes in total stem number per unit area of winter wheat at different growth stages Treatments are the same as those given in Table 4."

Fig. 4

Dynamic changes in dry matter accumulation of winter wheat at different growth stages Treatment are the same as those given in Table 4. The different letters on the column indicate significant differences between different treatments at the same growth stage (P < 0.05)."

Table 5

Grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat"

年份
Year		 试验点
Test site		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 穗粒数
Grains per
spike		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 水分利用效率
Water use
efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2021-2022 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 517.2 c 45.7 a 41.8 d 8772.9 c 16.7 c
W1 617.2 b 44.8 a 46.3 ab 10,183.8 b 17.9 b
W2 690.9 a 45.9 a 44.8 bc 10,697.0 a 23.9 a
W3 695.3 a 43.2 a 47.3 a 10,876.2 a 23.2 a
W4 684.4 a 45.2 a 43.8 c 10,642.6 a 23.5 a
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 498.8 c 48.4 a 43.2 d 7880.1 d 16.4 b
W1 520.8 b 49.1 a 48.4 a 8742.2 c 16.9 b
W2 593.3 a 46.1 b 47.8 a 9888.5 a 21.2 a
W3 566.9 a 46.8 ab 46.6 b 9520.0 b 17.8 b
W4 570.8 a 45.8 b 45.7 c 9610.8 b 19.7 a
合阳
Heyang		 W0 391.0 d 46.6 c 41.7 c 7609.5 d 18.2 d
W1 450.5 c 48.2 b 42.5 bc 8289.1 c 20.6 c
W2 489.0 ab 47.6 b 43.5 b 9092.3 b 21.8 b
W3 499.0 a 46.1 c 42.5 bc 9002.0 b 20.1 c
W4 459.6 bc 52.5 a 44.9 a 9894.3 a 24.5 a
2022-2023 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 440.8 d 39.5 bc 46.7 b 7096.4 c 16.4 d
W1 528.5 c 38.8 b 48.6 b 8026.9 b 18.4 c
W2 608.5 ab 40.0 ab 51.8 a 9015.4 a 21.1 a
W3 624.9 a 37.0 d 51.6 a 9047.6 a 20.0 b
W4 576.7 b 40.8 a 52.9 a 8829.9 a 19.9 b
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 520.7 c 44.4 a 45.8 c 7797.5 d 16.2 d
W1 612.4 b 43.9 a 48.2 b 8295.3 c 16.0 d
W2 664.8 a 41.1 c 48.9 b 9756.9 a 20.9 a
W3 652.7 a 42.8 b 52.1 a 9150.1 b 17.1 c
W4 676.3 a 41.7 c 50.8 a 9358.9 b 19.1 b
合阳
Heyang		 W0 455.6 c 44.7 b 39.6 b 7180.9 e 15.9 c
W1 548.6 b 44.9 b 40.3 b 7764.2 d 17.8 b
W2 602.3 ab 43.4 b 39.4 b 9188.4 c 19.9 a
W3 617.1 ab 43.8 b 40.4 b 9311.0 b 19.7 a
W4 672.7 a 47.2 a 42.8 a 9669.3 a 20.4 a

Fig. 5

Main water supply at various growth stages for winter wheat to achieve high yield and efficiency S-O, S-J, S-A, and S-M represent the stages of sowing to overwintering, sowing to jointing, sowing to seven days after anthesis, and sowing to maturity, respectively."

Fig. 6

Direct and indirect effects of major environmental factors on winter wheat yield under different irrigation treatments Treatments are the same as those given in Table 4. Pre, Tmax, and Tmin represent precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature, respectively. DPC in the horizontal axis is the direct path coefficient, OC is the overall correlation coefficient, and the rest are indirect path coefficients."

Fig. 7

Correlation analysis between stage precipitation and winter wheat population and yield AP: population at the flowering stage, MP: population at the maturity stage, Prej-a: precipitation from the jointing to seven days after anthesis, Prej-a+I: precipitation from the jointing to seven days after anthesis + supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage, GY: grain yield."

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