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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (1): 251-264.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33018

• RESEARCH NOTES • Previous Articles    

Crop growth characteristics and its effects on yield formation through nitrogen application and interspecific distance in soybean/maize strip relay intercropping

YANG Li-Da(), REN Jun-Bo, PENG Xin-Yue, YANG Xue-Li, LUO Kai, CHEN Ping, YUAN Xiao-Ting, PU Tian, YONG Tai-Wen*(), YANG Wen-Yu   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-03-23 Accepted:2023-09-13 Online:2024-01-12 Published:2023-09-20
  • Contact: *E-mail: yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFF1000500);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872856);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(大豆, CARS-04-PS20)

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Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify relay intercropping crop growth characteristics and its effects on yield formation under nitrogen application and interspecific distance. In this study, the soybean/maize strip relay intercropping system was used as the main body, to explore the crop growth rate, dry mater accumulation, and distribution, and yield differences under different nitrogen levels (nitrogen application and no nitrogen application) and interspecific distance (the spacing of soybean 30, 45, 60, 75, and 100 cm mono-cropping), to fit the process of crop dry mater accumulation, and comprehensively analyze the crop growth law and yield benefit. The results showed that the maximum growth rate of maize was reached from male stage to milking stage, and the maximum growth rate was 30 cm (MS30) without nitrogen application, which was 34.99% higher than that of monoculture maize (MM100). The growth rate of relay intercropping was significantly lower than that of monoculture soybean (SS100) before the first flowering stage, but higher than that of SS100 after the first flowering stage, with the highest spacing of 60 cm (MS60), and 78.91% higher than that of SS100 from full flowering stage to full pod stage without nitrogen application. The logistic equation could fit well the matter accumulation process of maize and soybean, and the R2 were all above 0.95. Compared with no nitrogen application, nitrogen application delayed the accumulation peak and increased the biomass of maize. The matter accumulation of intercropping soybean was slower than monoculture at the early growth stage, but MS45 and MS60 were gradually equal to or even exceeded monoculture soybean at later growth stage. Nitrogen application increased the dry matter allocation rate to the grain, and maize yield increased by 10.05% and 40.90% in two years, respectively. With the increase of interspecific distance, soybean yield increased first and then decreased, with the highest value in MS60 and the lowest value in MS30. In the two years, soybean yield in MS60 was 23.88% and 31.77% higher than MS30 under no nitrogen application and nitrogen application, respectively. The land equivalent ratio under relay intercropping was all above 1.35, among which MS60 under nitrogen application was the largest (1.89). The suitable interspecific distance (interspecific distance 60 cm) under relay intercropping can realize the cooperative growth of maize and soybean, increase crop growth rate, promote the accumulation and distribution of matter, and improve the system yield and land equivalent ratio.

Key words: soybean/maize strip relay intercropping, interspecific distance, crop growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield

Fig. 1

Sunshine duration and mean temperature of the test site from 2020 to 2021"

Fig. 2

Planting pattern of soybean/maize relay strip intercropping and monoculture MS30, MS45, MS60, and MS75 represent interspecific distance 30, 45, 60, and 75 cm of intercropping maize and soybean, respectively. MM100 and SS100 represent row spacing 100 cm of monoculture maize and soybean, respectively."

Table 1

Detailed table of nitrogen application levels and nitrogen application modes (kg hm-2)"

种植模式
Planting pattern		 施氮处理
Nitrogen application		 施氮水平
Nitrogen level		 底肥
Base fertilizer		 追肥
Top dressing
玉米单作
Monoculture maize		 不施氮NN 0 0 0
常量施氮CN 180 72 108
大豆单作
Monoculture soybean		 不施氮NN 0 0 0
常量施氮CN 60 60 0
大豆/玉米带状套作
Soybean/maize strip intercropping		 不施氮NN 0 0 0
常量施氮CN 240 132 108

Fig. 3

Changes of maize group growth rate under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances in 2021 Nitrogen application treatments are the same as those given in Table 1, And the interspecific distance treatments the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 4

Changes of soybean group growth rate under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances Nitrogen application treatments are the same as those given in Table 1, And the interspecific distance treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 5

Changes of maize growth rate under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distance in 2021 Nitrogen application treatments are the same as those given in Table 1, And the interspecific distance treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. V6: 6 leaf stage; VT: tasseling stage; R1: spinnery stage; R3: milk-ripe stage; R4: dough stage; R6: maturity stage. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 6

Changes of soybean growth rate under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances Nitrogen application treatments are the same as those given in Table 1, And the interspecific distance treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. V5: branching stage; R1: initial flowering stage; R2: full-bloom stage; R4: full pod stage; R5: primordial stage; R8: full ripe stage. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 7

Changes of maize matter accumulation under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances in 2021 Nitrogen application treatments are the same as those given in Table 1, And the interspecific distance treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 8

Changes of soybean matter accumulation under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances Nitrogen application treatments are the same as those given in Table 1, And the interspecific distance treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 2

Characteristic parameters of matter accumulation in maize under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances in 2021"

处理
Treatment		 最大干物质
积累速率时间
Tmax (d)		 干物质积累速率
最大时生长量
Wmax (g)		 最大干物质
积累速率
Vmax (g plant-1 d-1)		 平均干物质
积累速率
Vmean (g plant-1 d-1)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
MS30 66.78 a 76.69 a 75.69 ab 144.27 b 4.09 b 5.72 b 1.37 c 2.12 b
MS45 62.36 a 76.71 a 66.80 b 156.01 b 4.30 b 6.44 a 1.41 bc 2.33 a
MS60 69.53 a 76.34 a 91.11 a 161.65 ab 4.61 ab 6.54 a 1.57 ab 2.40 a
MS75 64.80 a 78.31 a 85.57 ab 161.84 ab 4.85 a 6.63 a 1.61 a 2.38 a
MM100 64.49 a 80.81 a 79.55 ab 173.12 a 4.55 ab 6.48 a 1.50 abc 2.41 a
施氮量N application (N) 2.09 ns 71.93** 180.46** 314.67**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 0.47 ns 1.86 ns 7.30** 8.08**
种间距离×施氮量N×I 1.03 ns 0.52 ns 1.55 ns 0.60 ns

Table 3

Characteristic parameters of dry matter accumulation in soybean under nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 最大干物质
积累速率时间
Tmax (d)		 干物质积累速率
最大时生长量
Wmax (g)		 最大干物质
积累速率
Vmax (g plant-1 d-1)		 平均干物质
积累速率
Vmean (g plant-1 d-1)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 91.08 ab 85.28 a 33.19 c 25.43 c 1.26 b 1.05 b 0.43 a 0.36 b
MS45 94.24 a 80.63 a 41.99 ab 34.01 bc 1.25 b 1.32 ab 0.49 a 0.48 a
MS60 85.99 ab 84.90 a 43.57 a 42.59 a 1.52 a 1.46 a 0.57 a 0.55 a
MS75 81.21 ab 83.17 a 35.53 bc 35.17 b 1.52 a 1.18 b 0.52 a 0.46 a
SS100 76.27 b 75.95 a 38.22 ab 35.21 ab 1.40 a 1.34 ab 0.55 a 0.51 a
施氮量N application (N) 1.72 ns 6.31* 1.02 ns 0.04 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 2.17 ns 10.21** 6.28* 3.24*
种间距离×施氮量N×I 1.37 ns 0.78 ns 1.02 ns 1.24 ns
2021 MS30 107.05 a 102.71 ab 34.21 b 23.98 b 1.01 a 0.69 b 0.37 a 0.26 b
MS45 99.24 b 110.82 a 32.51 b 40.28 a 1.05 a 1.11 a 0.38 a 0.41 a
MS60 108.16 a 100.56 ab 42.05 a 38.37 a 1.19 a 1.17 a 0.44 a 0.43 a
MS75 92.32 b 78.77 b 29.32 b 17.44 c 1.00 a 0.69 b 0.36 a 0.25 b
SS100 73.12 c 76.06 b 27.49 b 26.81 b 1.14 a 0.91 ab 0.42 a 0.37 ab
施氮量N application (N) 0.30 ns 0.11 ns 0.06 ns 0.03 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 9.58** 8.45** 5.45* 1.63 ns
种间距离×施氮量N×I 0.81 ns 1.98 ns 1.53 ns 1.75 ns

Table 4

Effects of nitrogen application rates and interspecific distance on dry matter allocation rate of maize organs (%)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 籽粒 Grain 穗轴 Spike-stalk
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 19.99 b 20.51 b 9.95 a 10.97 a 62.75 ab 60.67 a 7.31 a 7.85 a
MS45 21.04 a 20.52 b 9.93 a 10.45 b 61.34 c 61.62 a 7.69 a 7.41 a
MS60 20.02 b 20.40 b 9.75 a 10.32 b 62.84 ab 61.88 a 7.39 a 7.41 a
MS75 20.61 ab 20.39 b 9.20 b 10.90 a 63.13 a 61.11 a 7.06 a 7.6 a
SS100 21.00 a 21.68 a 9.92 a 10.94 a 61.65 bc 59.25 b 7.42 a 8.13 a
施氮量N application (N) 0.77 ns 122.19** 25.69** 2.47 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 4.71* 4.45* 5.43* 0.62 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.41 ns 5.83* 2.99 ns 0.93 ns
2021 MS30 28.97 b 25.55 a 15.13 a 13.11 a 46.34 cd 52.46 b 9.57 ab 8.88 a
MS45 30.91 a 25.34 a 14.03 b 12.32 ab 45.08 d 53.28 b 9.98 ab 9.06 a
MS60 26.86 c 24.04 b 12.76 c 12.23 ab 50.67 a 55.06 a 9.71 ab 8.66 a
MS75 29.14 b 25.09 a 13.56 bc 12.78 a 47.82 b 53.57 b 9.47 b 8.56 a
SS100 28.54 b 24.14 b 13.74 bc 11.66 b 47.50 bc 55.30 a 10.22 a 8.91 a
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 446.16** 29.50** 554.30** 39.63**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 22.15** 6.13* 24.47** 1.80 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 5.94* 2.04 ns 6.49* 0.44 ns

Table 5

Effects of nitrogen application rates and interspecific distance on dry matter allocation rate of soybean organs (%)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 籽粒 Grain 荚 Pod
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 33.75 bc 34.84 a 21.58 a 22.68 a 25.58 b 23.35 c 19.08 a 19.12 ab
MS45 31.31 c 35.66 a 21.14 a 22.18 ab 26.72 b 24.40 bc 20.83 a 17.76 bc
MS60 34.91 b 34.11 a 16.28 b 14.21 c 30.17 a 31.20 a 18.64 a 20.47 a
MS75 35.00 b 37.28 a 17.68 b 19.35 b 28.08 ab 26.69 b 19.24 a 16.68 c
SS100 39.08 a 35.22 a 16.91 b 20.61 ab 28.27 ab 25.81 bc 15.74 b 16.68 c
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 0.64 ns 3.15 ns 4.39* 1.38 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 3.07* 16.26** 8.97** 6.66*
施氮量×种间距离N×I 3.36* 2.25 ns 0.86 ns 4.08*
2021 MS30 26.08 b 27.16 c 20.18 a 19.16 a 31.68 c 30.82 b 22.06 a 22.86 ab
MS45 25.18 b 25.63 cd 15.30 bc 19.26 a 37.32 ab 31.37 b 22.20 a 23.74 a
MS60 22.59 c 23.62 d 15.91 bc 16.34 ab 39.35 a 37.29 a 22.16 a 22.75 ab
MS75 25.66 b 30.40 b 19.17 ab 16.81 ab 34.17 bc 30.49 b 21.01 ab 22.30 ab
SS100 33.85 a 34.97 a 14.03 c 13.45 b 32.88 bc 31.45 b 19.23 b 20.13 b
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 9.53** 0.01 ns 7.80* 3.02 ns
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 48.83** 5.09* 6.37* 3.86*
施氮量×种间距离N×I 2.01 ns 1.48 ns 0.84 ns 0.08 ns

Table 6

Effects of nitrogen application rates and interspecific distance on yield components of maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效株数
Effective plants
(Ten thousand plants hm-2)		 单穗粒数
Number of grains per panicle		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 5.52 a 5.37 a 388.20 b 401.22 b 323.41 b 342.21 a
MS45 5.50 ab 5.27 a 363.80 bc 384.84 bc 322.44 b 361.96 a
MS60 5.37 ab 5.33 a 359.76 bc 388.98 bc 337.57 ab 351.86 a
MS75 5.20 b 5.40 a 348.09 c 360.42 c 328.81 b 355.34 a
MM100 5.40 ab 5.60 a 445.61 a 467.31 a 349.47 a 357.63 a
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 0.20 ns 8.48** 23.84**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 1.26 ns 27.78** 2.27 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.93 ns 1.05 ns 1.52 ns
2021 MS30 5.39 a 5.40 a 378.85 a 527.31 a 279.23 b 316.78 a
MS45 5.07 c 5.27 a 376.71 a 546.11 a 281.22 b 309.81 a
MS60 5.46 ab 5.37 a 292.2 a 541.49 a 299.63 a 323.60 a
MS75 5.17 bc 5.37 a 353.59 ab 506.28 a 282.78 a 317.69 a
MM100 5.43 abc 5.30 a 355.69 ab 520.47 a 286.79 ab 313.74 a
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 1.80 ns 166.47** 101.63**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 0.32 ns 1.35 ns 3.36*
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.07 ns 1.82 ns 0.70 ns

Table 7

Effects of nitrogen application rates and interspecific distance on yield components of soybean"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效株数
Effective plants
(Ten thousand plants hm-2)		 单株粒数
Number of plants per panicle		 百粒重
100-seed weight
(g)
不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN		 不施氮
NN		 施氮
CN
2020 MS30 8.87 ab 9.03 a 104.57 c 83.27 c 16.30 b 14.64 c
MS45 9.33 a 8.53 a 108.10 c 102.90 b 15.87 b 16.21 b
MS60 8.47 b 8.30 ab 131.03 b 128.93 ab 16.50 b 15.72 bc
MS75 8.53 b 8.53 a 118.63 bc 128.47 ab 15.61 b 15.20 bc
SS100 7.00 c 7.57 b 159.10 a 142.86 a 18.89 a 18.06 a
施氮量N application (N) 0.60 ns 3.07 ns 7.06*
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 12.88** 24.53** 20.17**
施氮量×种间距离N×I 2.40 ns 1.88 ns 1.67 ns
2021 MS30 8.13 b 7.13 b 101.20 b 104.63 bc 17.21 b 18.34 a
MS45 8.93 a 8.27 a 105.56 b 107.53 bc 17.68 b 19.28 a
MS60 8.40 ab 8.50 a 134.33 a 121.70 ab 18.15 ab 18.67 a
MS75 9.10 a 8.10 a 111.18 b 95.40 c 17.94 ab 18.58 a
SS100 8.20 b 7.93 a 148.03 a 140.30 a 19.05 a 18.95 a
施氮量N application (N) 4.20 ns 2.23 ns 8.53**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 6.16* 15.95** 2.28 ns
施氮量×种间距离N×I 2.03 ns 0.87 ns 1.24 ns

Table 8

Effects of nitrogen application rates and interspecific distances on the yield (t hm-2) and LER of maize and soybean"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 玉米 Maize 大豆 Soybean 土地当量比 LER
不施氮NN 施氮CN 不施氮NN 施氮CN 不施氮NN 施氮CN
2020 MS30 7.10 b 7.37 b 1.51 c 1.10 d 1.56 1.35
MS45 6.45 bc 7.34 b 1.60 bc 1.42 c 1.53 1.51
MS60 6.52 bc 7.29 b 1.82 b 1.68 b 1.64 1.64
MS75 5.95 c 6.93 b 1.58 bc 1.66 bc 1.46 1.59
MM/SS100 8.43 a 9.37 a 2.10 a 1.95 a ― ―
施氮量N application (N) 13.06** 8.88**
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 15.92** 19.68**
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.02 ns 2.08 ns
2021 MS30 5.99 a 9.03 a 1.42 d 1.37 d 1.69 1.58
MS45 5.37 ab 8.91 a 1.66 cd 1.71 bc 1.68 1.73
MS60 4.89 b 9.42 a 2.05 ab 1.93 ab 1.77 1.89
MS75 5.17 ab 8.63 a 1.81 bc 1.42 cd 1.71 1.57
MM/SS100 5.56 ab 9.66 a 2.31 a 2.11 a ― ―
施氮量Nitrogen application (N) 274.22** 4.75*
种间距离Interspecific distance (I) 1.32 ns 19.69**
施氮量×种间距离N×I 1.33 ns 1.30 ns
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