减量灌水及有机无机肥配施对西北灌区玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33041

Abstract

Abstract:

Aiming at the problems of high water and fertilizer inputs and low utilization efficiency for maize production in the Oasis irrigation areas, the effects of different irrigation levels and equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer on photosynthesis physiology, grain yield and quality of maize were investigated to obtain the optimal irrigation levels and nitrogen (N) application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer. A filed experiment was conducted with the two-factor split-plot, two irrigation levels (conventional irrigation and 20% reduced irrigation) were used in the main plot and five organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer ratios (all inorganic N fertilizer, 75% inorganic N fertilizer and 25% organic fertilizer, 50% inorganic N fertilizer and 50% organic fertilizer, 25% inorganic N fertilizer and 75% organic fertilizer, and all organic fertilizer) were used in the split-plot in order to investigate the response of maize photosynthetic physiology, grain yield, and quality to different water and nitrogen fertilizer management patterns. Compared with the conventional irrigation (I2), 20% reduction irrigation (I1) reduced maize leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (LAD), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), and stomatal conductance (G_s), and increased intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), grain protein content, and grain threonine content; organic and inorganic fertilizers have a significant effect on maize photosynthetic physiological indicators, grain yield and quality, with the increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers, the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on maize will gradually change from a positive effect to a negative effect; compared with traditional irrigation combined with the full application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (I2F1), 20% reduction of irrigation combined with 75% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and 25% organic fertilizer (I1F2) increased the maize mean leaf area index (MLAI) by 6.9%-7.1%, and there was no significant change in total photosynthetic potential (TLAD), and the LAI of I1F2 was increased by 5.0%-11.4% from silking to doughing in maize, and LAD was increased by 7.5%-9.1% from silking to doughing. I1F2 increased chlorophyll content (SPAD), P_n, T_r, and G_s, and decreased C_i in maize from tasseling to doughing compared with I2F1. Compared with I2F1, I1F2 increased grain yield by 12.0%-12.5% in maize, increased grain protein content by 6.9%-18.9%, and Phe, Lys, Thr, Trp, Leu, Ile, and Val contents of grain in maize were increased by 29.6%-43.3%, 77.7%-93.3%, 49.7%-51.5%, 18.4%-28.6%, 39.5%-46.0%, 57.4%-78.1%, and 35.1%-41.3%, respectively. Other treatments also had some effects on maize photosynthetic physiology, seed yield and quality indexes, but the combined two-year results showed that the effects of I1F2 were more significant. Therefore, the 20% reduction in irrigation (3240 m³ hm^-2) combined with 75% inorganic chemical N fertilizer (270 kg hm^-2) and 25% organic fertilizer (90 kg hm^-2) treatment was an appropriate water and N management model to achieve high yield and quality of maize production in the northwestern irrigation areas.

Key words: reduced irrigation, organic and inorganic fertilizer application, photosynthetic physiology, grain yield, quality

WU Xia-Yu, LI Pan, WEI Jin-Gui, FAN Hong, HE Wei, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen. Effect of reduced irrigation and combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on photosynthetic physiology, grain yield and quality of maize in northwestern irrigation areas[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(4): 1065-1079.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 2

Effect of different irrigation levels and equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer on photosynthetic potential of maize across the entire growth period"

年份 Year	灌水水平 Irrigation level	有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Equal nitrogen application ratio of organic-inorganic fertilizer	拔节期-小喇叭口期 Jointing- Trumpeting	小喇叭口期- 大喇叭口期 Trumpeting- Big flare	大喇叭口期-抽雄期 Big flare- Tasseling	抽雄期- 吐丝期 Tasseling- Silking	吐丝期- 灌浆期 Silking- Filling	灌浆期- 蜡熟期 Filling- Doughing	总和 Total
2021	I1	F1	15.3 a	41.1 a	82.9 c	97.5 bcd	115.8 cd	86.6 de	439.3 c
		F2	12.0 c	38.2 b	85.7 bc	103.3 a	125.3 a	94.3 a	458.8 b
		F3	11.6 cd	35.3 cd	84.1 c	103.3 a	121.3 ab	91.2 b	446.8 c
		F4	10.6 de	34.1 d	76.0 de	94.2 de	118.1 bcd	88.0 cd	420.9 d
		F5	9.7 e	32.1 e	73.8 e	92.5 de	113.1 d	85.1 e	406.4 e
	I2	F1	15.5 a	42.0 a	87.8 ab	100.5 ab	114.8 cd	87.7 cd	448.3 c
		F2	14.7 ab	41.2 a	89.3 a	105.0 a	124.2 a	94.3 a	468.7 a
		F3	13.7 b	38.5 b	82.6 c	99.7 abc	120.7 ab	91.3 b	446.5 c
		F4	12.6 c	36.4 cd	78.6 d	95.2 cde	116.8 bcd	88.5 bc	428.1 d
		F5	10.8 de	34.8 d	76.1 de	91.6 e	112.1 de	85.5 de	410.8 e
2022	I1	F1	14.8 ab	41.2 a	84.0 b	98.7 cde	116.3 c	86.5 de	441.5 c
		F2	12.5 c	37.7 b	85.4 b	104.3 ab	124.9 a	94.1 a	459.0 b
		F3	11.0 d	34.5 cd	84.5 b	104.3 ab	120.1 b	91.0 b	445.4 c
		F4	10.6 d	33.6 de	76.1 d	95.4 de	118.9 b	90.2 b	424.8 d
		F5	9.4 e	32.0 e	73.6 e	92.6 e	113.7 d	85.9 e	407.2 e
	I2	F1	15.0 a	42.1 a	89.1 a	101.3 abc	115.4 c	87.5 cd	450.4 bc
		F2	15.0 a	41.9 a	90.6 a	106.3 a	125.0 a	94.7 a	473.5 a
		F3	14.2 b	39.3 b	84.0 b	100.6 bcd	120.2 b	90.8 b	449.0 c
		F4	12.1 c	35.8 cd	79.2 c	97.0 cde	116.3 c	87.9 c	428.2 d
		F5	10.4 d	33.4 de	75.5 d	92.8 e	111.7 e	85.6 e	409.3 e
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
年份 Year (Y)			NS	NS	*	**	NS	NS	NS
灌水水平Irrigation level (I)			**	**	**	NS	*	NS	NS
有机无机肥等氮配施比例			**	**	**	**	**	**	**
Equal nitrogen application ratio of
organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)
年份×灌水水平 Y×I			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
年份×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×F			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例I×F			**	**	**	**	*	NS	NS
年份×灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×I×F			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Table 2

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Table 3

Table 4

Effect of different irrigation levels and different irrigation levels and equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer on the essential amino acid content of maize grains"

年份Year		灌水水平Irrigation level	有机无机肥等氮配施比例Equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer	苯丙氨酸 Phe (mg kg^-1)	甲硫氨酸Mel (mg kg^-1)	赖氨酸 Lys (mg kg^-1)	苏氨酸 Thr (mg kg^-1)	色氨酸 Trp (mg kg^-1)	亮氨酸 Leu (mg kg^-1)	异亮氨酸 Ile (mg kg^-1)	缬氨酸 Val (mg kg^-1)
2021		I1	F1	27.2 e	37.0 e	158.1 f	33.6 f	5.9 c	15.3 de	7.6 f	14.0 d
			F2	43.5 a	42.7 d	302.5 c	49.7 a	8.1 b	22.5 a	18.0 a	20.7 a
			F3	44.3 a	59.5 b	327.1 b	43.3 bc	10.5 a	21.9 ab	16.9 ab	15.9 c
			F4	38.6 b	35.0 e	260.1 d	41.3 bc	7.6 b	16.5 d	12.9 cd	15.7 c
			F5	33.8 c	52.0 c	173.6 f	36.1 de	7.2 bc	15.1 de	13.8 c	15.5 c
2021	I2		F1	30.3 d	43.2 d	170.2 f	33.2 f	6.8 bc	15.4 de	10.1 e	15.3 c
			F2	39.1 b	41.1 d	300.6 c	43.6 b	7.7 b	19.5 c	16.5 ab	19.5 b
			F3	38.1 b	64.0 a	357.9 a	42.7 bc	9.9 a	20.5 bc	15.5 b	20.8 a
			F4	39.1 b	32.4 f	217.9 e	39.6 cd	7.9 b	15.3 de	11.6 de	15.9 c
			F5	32.3 cd	53.5 c	168.9 f	36.3 de	7.1 bc	14.0 e	12.4 cd	15.6 c
2022	I1		F1	30.6 d	40.7 e	167.7 f	32.7 f	6.5 d	15.4 d	10.9 d	13.9 f
			F2	41.3 a	43.0 d	320.6 c	49.7 a	7.6 b	22.0 a	17.0 a	19.4 b
			F3	39.2 b	57.6 b	358.9 b	42.8 b	10.6 a	20.9 b	15.5 b	20.8 a
			F4	36.6 c	32.6 g	254.2 d	40.9 c	7.6 b	17.8 c	12.7 c	15.9 c
			F5	32.0 d	52.5 c	186.5 f	36.6 e	7.3 bc	14.4 e	13.2 c	15.3 de
	I2		F1	31.9 d	42.6 d	165.8 f	32.8 f	5.9 e	15.8 d	10.8 d	13.7 f
			F2	39.8 ab	39.6 e	320.0 c	42.8 b	7.6 b	21.5 ab	16.5 a	19.0 b
			F3	36.7 c	62.5 a	383.6 a	40.2 cd	10.3 a	20.8 b	15.4 b	20.5 a
			F4	35.8 c	37.6 f	225.6 e	39.1 d	7.6 b	17.7 c	11.5 d	15.8 cd
			F5	32.6 d	52.5 c	181.0 f	35.6 e	7.1 c	14.0 e	12.6 c	15.3 e
显著性 (P值) Significance (P-value)
年份 Year (Y)				**	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
灌水水平Irrigation level (I)				**	**	NS	**	NS	**	**	NS
有机无机肥等氮配施比例				**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
Equal nitrogen application ratios of
organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)
年份×灌水水平 Y×I				NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	*	NS	NS
年份×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×F				**	**	*	NS	NS	*	**	**
灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 I×F				**	**	**	**	NS	NS	**	**
年份×灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例				*	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	*	**
Y×I×F				*	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	*	**

Table 4

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

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Effect of reduced irrigation and combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on photosynthetic physiology, grain yield and quality of maize in northwestern irrigation areas

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处理 Treatment	灌水量 Irrigation volume (m³ hm^-2)	施氮量Nitrogen application amount (kg hm^-2)		P₂O₅ (kg hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	灌水量 Irrigation volume (m³ hm^-2)	有机氮肥 Organic nitrogen fertilizer	无机化学氮肥 Inorganic chemical nitrogen fertilizer	P₂O₅ (kg hm^-2)
I1F1	3240	0	360	180
I1F2	3240	90	270	180
I1F3	3240	180	180	180
I1F4	3240	270	90	180
I1F5	3240	360	0	180
I2F1	4050	0	360	180
I2F2	4050	90	270	180
I2F3	4050	180	180	180
I2F4	4050	270	90	180
I2F5	4050	360	0	180

年份 Year	灌水水平 Irrigation level	有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Equal nitrogen application ratio of organic-inorganic fertilizer	灰分含量 Ash (%)	蛋白含量 Protein (%)	脂肪含量 Fat (%)	淀粉含量 Starch (%)
2021	I1	F1	1.2 a	8.2 a	3.7 ab	65.2 bc
		F2	1.2 a	8.1 a	3.6 abc	65.4 bc
		F3	1.2 a	7.3 ab	3.5 abc	66.3 abc
		F4	1.2 a	6.4 b	3.6 abc	67.3 a
		F5	1.2 a	7.4 ab	3.4 bc	66.0 abc
	I2	F1	1.2 a	7.5 ab	3.2 c	66.0 abc
		F2	1.2 a	7.0 ab	3.8 a	66.3 abc
		F3	1.2 a	7.2 ab	3.6 abc	66.2 abc
		F4	1.2 a	7.9 a	3.7 ab	64.6 c
		F5	1.2 a	7.8 a	3.5 abc	65.4 bc
2022	I1	F1	1.2 a	6.3 bc	3.3 bc	67.5 cd
		F2	1.2 a	6.9 a	3.2 c	67.3 d
		F3	1.2 a	6.9 a	3.4 bc	67.3 d
		F4	1.2 a	6.6 ab	3.7 a	67.3 d
		F5	1.2 a	6.7 ab	3.3 bc	67.5 cd
	I2	F1	1.2 a	5.8 d	3.3 bc	68.3 a
		F2	1.2 a	6.5 abc	3.1 d	68.0 abc
		F3	1.2 a	6.0 cd	3.3 bc	68.0 abc
		F4	1.2 a	6.8 ab	3.3 bc	67.7 bc
		F5	1.2 a	6.8 ab	3.3 bc	67.7 bc
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
年份 Year (Y)			NS	**	**	**
灌水水平Irrigation level (I)			NS	*	NS	NS
有机无机肥等氮配施比例			NS	NS	*	NS
Equal nitrogen application ratios of organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)			NS	NS	*	NS
年份×灌水水平 Y×I			NS	NS	NS	**
年份×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×F			NS	NS	*	NS
灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 I×F			NS	NS	NS	**
年份×灌水水平×有机无机肥等氮配施比例 Y×I×F			NS	NS	**	*

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