无人化旱直播水稻产量形成特征及其能量与经济效益研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42043

Abstract

Abstract:

This study investigated the yield formation characteristics of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice (UDS), analyzed key cultivation techniques for stable yield production, and provided theoretical foundations and technical support for the large-scale application of this technology. From 2021 to 2023, a high-yield cultivation experiment was conducted in representative rice-wheat double-cropping areas of Jiangsu Province, using Nanjing 5718 as the test material and unmanned carpet seedling machine transplanting (UMT) as the control. The study assessed growth period characteristics, tillering dynamics, photosynthetic matter production, yield performance, energy input, and economic benefits. The results showed that the full growth period of UDS in different ecological regions was shortened by 12-19 days compared to UMT, with the effective accumulated temperature in whole growth period decreasing by 226.1-329.3°C. Compared to UMT, UDS increased the proportion of main stem spikes, leveraging the growth advantage of the main stem to enhance the leaf area index during the jointing and heading stages. This improvement boosted the population growth rate and net assimilation rate from sowing to jointing, as well as the photosynthetic potential from jointing to heading. However, UDS exhibited a lower productive tiller percentage and total spikelet number, along with reduced dry matter accumulation, which were significant factors contributing to yield loss, resulting in a 5.4%-5.9% average yield reduction. From the perspective of energy input and economic benefits, UDS demonstrated higher mechanization efficiency. Mechanical energy input during the tillage and sowing phase was reduced by 43.8%, energy resource input decreased by 27.8%, and overall energy input was reduced by 5.8%. Additionally, UDS lowered rice production costs by 11.8% and increased economic benefits by 3.4%. To further enhance UDS yields, production practices should focus on optimizing cultivation quality by regulating the emergence of advantageous tillers and ensuring their final heading to achieve robust main stems and sufficient panicles. Moreover, efforts should be directed toward increasing growth during the mid-growth stages to promote dry matter accumulation during later stages, enhancing spike biomass, and ensuring adequate grain-filling materials under a large population capacity. These improvements are critical for achieving higher yields in UDS systems.

Key words: rice, unmanned dry direct-seeding, growth characteristics, grain yield, energy input, economic benefit

WENG Wen-An, XING Zhi-Peng, HU Qun, WEI Hai-Yan, LIAO Ping, ZHU Hai-Bin, QU Ji-Wei, LI Xiu-Li, LIU Gui-Yun, GAO Hui, ZHANG Hong-Cheng. Study on yield formation characteristics, energy and economic benefits of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(5): 1363-1377.

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项目Item	参数Parameter
动力 Power (hp)	≥ 220
作业宽幅 Work breadth (cm)	350
旋耕深度 Depth of rotary tillage (cm)	≥ 18
播种行数 Number of rows planted	14
播种量 Seeding rate (kg hm^-2) 播种方式Seeding method	22.5-450.0 条播 Drill seeding
排种轮型式 Type of seeding wheel	外槽轮式 Outer groove-wheel
排种器数量 Number of seeding apparatus	14
施肥行数 Number of rows fertilized	14
排肥器数量 Number of fertilizer apparatus	14
施肥量 Fertilizing amount (kg hm^-2)	75-750
种沟深度 Depth of seed groove (cm)	1-3
覆土厚度 Thickness of soil cover (cm)	1-3
种带宽 Seed bandwidth (cm)	5
排水沟数量 Number of drainage ditch	1
排水沟宽度 Width of drainage ditch (cm)	25
排水沟深度 Depth of drainage ditch (cm)	≥ 20

地点 Area	土壤类型 Soil type	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)	pH
大丰Dafeng	沙壤土Sandy loam soil	23.5	1.2	45.5	196.2	7.8
泗洪Sihong	黏壤土Clay loam soil	27.3	1.9	38.8	92.5	6.6

地区 Area	处理 Treatment	控混肥配比 Fertilizer allocated proportion (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)	施氮量 N fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	播种日期 Seeding date (month/day)	目标产量 Target yield (t hm^-2)
大丰Dafeng	UDS	30-7-13	300	06/10	10.5
大丰Dafeng	UMT	30-7-13	300	05/18	10.5
泗洪Sihong	UDS	26-10-15	270	06/18	9.8
泗洪Sihong	UMT	26-10-15	270	05/28	9.8

地点 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎蘖数Tiller number (×10⁴ hm^-2)			成穗率 Productive tiller percentage (%)	主茎成穗比例Proportion of main stem spike
地点 Area	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期EL	抽穗期HE	成熟期MA	成穗率 Productive tiller percentage (%)	主茎成穗比例Proportion of main stem spike
大丰Dafeng	2021	UDS	607.0 a	386.5 a	360.2 a	59.3 b	76.3 a
	2021	UMT	488.0 b	352.5 b	337.9 b	69.2 a	45.7 b
	2022	UDS	632.5 a	412.5 a	380.0 a	60.1 b	72.1 a
	2022	UMT	511.5 b	384.5 b	356.6 b	69.7 a	42.4 b
泗洪Sihong	2021	UDS	547.8 a	398.4 a	390.9 a	71.4 a	63.5 a
	2021	UMT	486.4 b	369.1 a	353.4 b	72.7 a	37.4 b
	2022	UDS	541.5 a	383.5 a	331.5 a	61.2 b	68.0 a
	2022	UMT	462.0 b	338.8 a	296.0 b	64.1 a	44.8 b

地区Area	年份 Year	处理Treatment	群体光合势 Photosynthetic potential (m² m^-2 d^-1)			群体生长率 Crop growth rate (g m^-2 d^-1)			群体净同化率 Net assimilation rate (g m^-2 d^-1)
地区Area	年份 Year	处理Treatment	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL	拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE	抽穗期- 成熟期 HE-MA	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL	拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE	抽穗期- 成熟期 HE-MA	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL	拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE	抽穗期- 成熟期 HE-MA
大丰 Dafeng	2021	UDS	112.3 b	167.9 a	270.5 a	10.1 a	27.3 b	15.0 b	3.3 a	4.4 b	2.6 b
	2021	UMT	145.2 a	162.7 b	269.2 a	7.9 b	32.8 a	16.2 a	2.6 b	5.4 a	2.8 a
	2022	UDS	97.9 b	183.0 a	269.2 b	10.5 a	22.6 b	14.8 b	3.5 a	3.8 b	2.7 a
	2022	UMT	126.2 a	160.5 b	281.2 a	8.8 b	26.7 a	16.3 a	3.0 b	4.5 a	2.8 a
泗洪 Sihong	2021	UDS	136.0 b	182.0 a	325.5 a	8.2 a	27.8 b	12.7 b	2.8 a	5.1 b	2.6 b
	2021	UMT	172.9 a	148.2 b	330.2 a	6.3 b	28.7 a	14.2 a	2.2 b	5.4 a	3.0 a
	2022	UDS	126.2 b	189.4 a	312.7 b	8.6 a	24.1 b	14.1 a	2.9 a	4.3 b	2.8 b
	2022	UMT	154.2 a	162.5 b	326.6 a	6.4 b	26.7 a	14.6 a	2.2 b	5.0 a	2.9 a

Study on yield formation characteristics, energy and economic benefits of unmanned dry direct-seeding rice

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地区 Area	年份Year	处理 Treatment	播种期-拔节期 SE-EL		拔节期-抽穗期 EL-HE		抽穗期-成熟期 HE-MA
地区 Area	年份Year	处理 Treatment	积累量Accumulation (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量Accumulation (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量Accumulation (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
大丰Dafeng	2021	UDS	5.73 a	26.20 a	7.92 a	36.21 a	8.23 b	37.59 b
	2021	UMT	5.87 a	25.73 a	7.86 a	34.50 b	9.07 a	39.77 a
	2022	UDS	5.76 b	27.60 a	7.00 a	33.51 a	8.12 b	38.89 a
	2022	UMT	6.10 a	27.70 a	7.22 a	32.77 a	8.69 a	39.48 a
泗洪Sihong	2021	UDS	4.28 a	22.13 a	8.34 b	43.16 a	6.71 b	34.71 b
	2021	UMT	4.40 a	21.30 a	8.61 a	41.70 b	7.64 a	37.00 a
	2022	UDS	3.95 a	20.94 a	7.72 a	40.89 a	7.21 b	38.17 a
	2022	UDS	4.07 a	20.68 a	7.75 a	39.37 a	7.87 a	39.95 a

种植环节 Planting process		UDS	UMT
耕整Tillage	柴油Diesel	—	4368.1
施肥Fertilizer application	柴油Diesel	—	283.5
施肥Fertilizer application	肥料Fertilizer	22,162.3	22,162.3
种植Planting	柴油Diesel	2973.2	709.5
	种子Seed	2205.0	992.3
	灌溉Irrigation	2371.7	2821.2
植保Plant protection	电力Electricity	59.8	39.9
植保Plant protection	农药Pesticide	445.9	357.7
收获Harvest	柴油Diesel	3106.8	3106.8
机械投入Mechanical input		662.0	1179.0
劳动力投入Manpower input		324.0	411.6
合计Total		34,310.6	36,431.8
分类Classification	农资投入Agricultural materials input	27,184.8	26,333.5
	机械投入Mechanical input	662.0	1179.0
	能源投入Diesel and electricity input	6139.7	8507.7
	劳动力投入Manpower input	324.0	411.6
	产量产出Rice grain output	181,900.0	192,100.0
	秸秆产出Straw output	137,375.0	140,250.0

处理Treatment	农资 Agricultural materials	能源 Energy	耕种 Tillage and plant	管理Management	收获 Harvest	其他 Other	总成本 Total cost
UDS	7310.0	774.8	517.2	2000.0	1125.0	4500.0	16,227.0
UMT	6387.0	1074.5	2257.9	2000.0	1125.0	5550.0	18,394.4

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)	产值 Production value (yuan hm^-2)	补贴 Subsidy (yuan hm^-2)	经济效益 Economic benefits (yuan hm^-2)	投入产出比 Return on investment
UDS	10.7	29,960.0	900.0	14,633.0	90.2
UMT	11.3	31,640.0	900.0	14,145.6	76.9

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