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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (9): 2501-2513.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54002

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of replacing common urea with controlled-release fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, partitioning, yield, and quality of sorghum in dryland farming

FU Jiang-Peng(), LIU Fa-Cai*(), YAN Bao-Qin, WANG Yong-Dong, LI Li-Li, WEI Wei, ZHOU Ying-Xia   

  1. Pingliang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pingliang 744000, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-01-02 Accepted:2025-04-25 Online:2025-09-12 Published:2025-05-23
  • Contact: *E-mail: 2008liufacai@163.com E-mail:fjp951208@126.com;2008liufacai@163.com
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-B29);Pingliang Science and Technology Plan Project(PL-STK-2023A-025);Pingliang Science and Technology Plan Project(PL-STK-2023B-074)

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Abstract:

The substitution of conventional urea with controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) offers a more efficient fertilization strategy that reduces chemical nitrogen input while enhancing crop yield and quality. A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in Gaoping town, Jingchuan county, located on the arid plateau region of the Longdong Loess Plateau, using the sorghum variety Jiza 127. Seven treatments were implemented: no nitrogen application (CK), conventional urea at 240 kg hm-2 of pure nitrogen (CU240), and five CRF-based treatments with varying nitrogen reduction rates—0 (CRU240), 10% (CRU216), 20% (CRU192), 30% (CRU168), and 40% (CRU144). The study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing conventional urea with CRFs on dry matter accumulation and partitioning, as well as yield and grain quality in sorghum. Results showed that throughout the growth period, the dry matter accumulation rate (DMAR) followed a typical pattern of increasing and then decreasing, peaking during the jointing-to-heading stage. Logistic models fitted to DMA dynamics demonstrated strong goodness-of-fit (R2 = 0.949-0.985) across all treatments. Nitrogen application reduced the proportion of dry matter retained in stems and leaves but significantly enhanced translocation to the panicle at maturity. Notably, the proportion of dry matter allocated to the panicle in CRU240 and CRU216 treatments was, on average, 1.78% and 0.94% higher, respectively, than in CU240. Before flowering, pre-flowering dry matter translocation (DMR), translocation efficiency (DMRE), and the contribution of pre-flowering translocation to grain dry matter accumulation (DMRCG) were significantly lower in CRU168 and CRU144 compared to CU240, while no significant differences were observed in CRU240, CRU216, and CRU192. After flowering, post-flowering DMA in CRU240, CRU216, and CRU192 treatments was comparable to CU240, but DMA in CRU192 was 8.86% and 14.15% higher than that in CRU168 and CRU144, respectively. The highest yield was achieved under CRU240, which was significantly greater than CRU168 and CRU144 by 19.36% and 33.01%, respectively. As nitrogen input decreased, yield declined accordingly, with reductions of 3.63%, 8.83%, 16.20%, and 24.82% observed in CRU216, CRU192, CRU168, and CRU144, respectively, compared to CRU240. Grain protein content peaked in CRU240, being significantly higher than in CRU168 and CRU144 by 19.92% and 20.70%, respectively. In contrast, starch content increased as nitrogen input decreased. Tannin content did not differ significantly among treatments. Path analysis indicated that panicle grain weight and 1000-grain weight were the key determinants of high and stable yields. In conclusion, compared to conventional urea, reducing controlled-release nitrogen application by 10%-20% effectively promotes dry matter accumulation, partitioning, and translocation, while maintaining high yield and improving grain quality. This strategy enhances both agronomic performance and resource use efficiency and is therefore recommended as an optimal nitrogen management approach for dryland sorghum production.

Key words: controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, sorghum, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield, quality

Fig. 1

Average monthly temperature and precipitation from 2022 to 2023"

Fig. 2

Effect of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on dry matter accumulation of sorghum CK, CU240, CRU240, CRU216, CRU192, CRU168, and CRU144 represent no nitrogen application, conventional urea at the local standard rate (240 kg hm-2 of pure nitrogen), and controlled-release urea at equivalent or reduced nitrogen rates (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% reduction), respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the 0.05 level."

Fig. 3

Effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on dry matter accumulation of sorghum Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 level; ns indicates no significant difference."

Table 1

Fitting of the dynamic process of dry matter accumulation in sorghum using the Logistic regression model"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 拟合方程
Fitting equation		 R2 最大积累速率
Maximum
accumulation rate
(Vmax, t hm-2 d-1)		 最大积累速率出现天数
Maximum accumulation rate occurred on
several days
(Tmax, d)		 最大积累速率时的生长量
Growth amount
at the maximum
accumulation rate
(Wmax, t hm-2)
2022 CK y=23.00/(1+73.12e-0.031x) 0.978 0.51 c 82.49 d 8.50 c
CU240 y=20.39/(1+41.09e-0.040x) 0.982 0.82 a 96.90 ab 10.75 a
CRU240 y=22.14/(1+44.46e-0.038x) 0.975 0.84 a 98.40 a 11.07 a
CRU216 y=20.72/(1+44.46e-0.041x) 0.979 0.84 a 97.21 a 10.98 a
CRU192 y=20.42/(1+41.33e-0.039x) 0.972 0.80 ab 96.26 ab 10.71 a
CRU168 y=18.67/(1+32.95e-0.036x) 0.949 0.68 b 94.89 b 9.34 b
CRU144 y=20.49/(1+42.57e-0.033x) 0.977 0.66 b 92.61 c 9.25 b
2023 CK y=23.41/(1+69.33e-0.030x) 0.985 0.51 d 89.71 d 8.70 c
CU240 y=21.05/(1+38.02e-0.038x) 0.985 0.83 a 97.58 a 10.91 ab
CRU240 y=22.29/(1+39.48e-0.038x) 0.978 0.85 a 98.48 a 11.15 a
CRU216 y=22.10/(1+36.24e-0.036x) 0.973 0.83 a 97.76 a 11.05 a
CRU192 y=20.65/(1+41.26e-0.039x) 0.980 0.81 ab 97.02 a 10.83 ab
CRU168 y=21.82/(1+36.64e-0.033x) 0.975 0.72 b 95.02 b 10.03 b
CRU144 y=20.60/(1+42.56e-0.033x) 0.982 0.66 c 92.00 c 9.70 b

Fig. 4

Effect of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on dry matter distribution of sorghum at maturity Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments within the same year."

Table 2

Effect of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on sorghum dry matter translocation characteristics"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 开花前 Pre-anthesis 开花后 Post anthesis
DMR (t hm-2) DMRE (%) DMRCG (%) DMA (t hm-2) DMAC (%)
2022 CK 0.55 d 8.98 c 7.22 c 8.57 d 96.63 a
CU240 0.69 ab 11.40 a 9.16 a 12.63 ab 90.84 d
CRU240 0.73 a 11.93 a 9.25 a 13.14 a 90.75 d
CRU216 0.70 ab 11.58 a 9.17 a 12.85 ab 90.93 d
CRU192 0.68 b 10.54 ab 8.89 ab 12.54 b 91.81 c
CRU168 0.63 c 9.82 b 7.75 b 11.16 c 92.65 bc
CRU144 0.60 c 9.36 b 7.57 b 10.70 c 93.42 b
2023 CK 0.61 c 9.61 d 6.20 d 8.14 d 93.80 a
CU240 0.80 a 12.64 ab 11.14 a 11.90 ab 88.86 d
CRU240 0.84 a 13.13 a 11.14 a 12.71 a 88.86 d
CRU216 0.81 a 12.80 ab 10.98 ab 12.22 a 89.01 cd
CRU192 0.80 a 11.82 b 10.78 ab 11.41 b 89.92 c
CRU168 0.73 b 11.37 b 10.12 b 10.83 c 90.54 bc
CRU144 0.68 b 10.00 c 9.96 c 10.27 c 91.04 b
方差分析 Variance analysis
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** **
处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** **
年份×处理 Y×T NS NS NS NS NS

Table 3

Effect of controlled-release N fertilizer reduction on sorghum yield and yield components"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (t hm-2)		 穗粒重
Grain weight per panicle (g)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 收获指数
Harvest index (%)
2022 CK 5.42±0.52 e 33.55±1.81 d 21.67±1.11 d 27.07±2.65 b
CU240 7.53±0.27 ab 59.60±0.90 b 29.88±0.28 a 40.48±2.12 a
CRU240 7.89±0.09 a 63.86±0.92 a 30.80±0.58 a 40.00±1.00 a
CRU216 7.75±0.30 ab 62.46±0.31 ab 30.23±0.30 a 39.82±1.72 a
CRU192 7.11±0.24 bc 58.93±0.84 b 29.17±0.78 a 38.78±2.11 a
CRU168 6.76±0.14 c 45.86±1.34 c 26.37±0.52 b 37.05±0.49 a
CRU144 5.93±0.14 d 42.52±1.04 c 24.27±0.44 c 37.13±0.28 a
2023 CK 5.15±0.32 d 29.15±1.24 d 22.00±0.50 d 28.54±3.20 b
CU240 7.60±0.26 a 59.18±0.08 ab 27.01±0.86 abc 40.43±1.59 a
CRU240 8.09±0.20 a 61.43±0.88 a 28.43±0.78 a 40.64±0.79 a
CRU216 7.85±0.37 a 59.42±0.56 ab 27.83±0.55 ab 41.00±2.04 a
CRU192 7.46±0.20 ab 57.43±0.81 b 25.97±0.52 bc 40.23±0.53 a
CRU168 6.63±0.27 bc 43.24±0.92 c 25.83±0.52 bc 35.97±1.20 a
CRU144 6.08±0.38 c 41.76±0.86 c 24.91±0.61 c 37.65±2.04 a
方差分析 Variance analysis
年份 Year (Y) * ** * NS
处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
年份×处理 Y×T NS NS NS NS

Table 4

Effect of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer reduction on grain quality of sorghum"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 蛋白质
Protein (%)		 淀粉
Starch (%)		 单宁
Tannin (%)
2022 CK 7.11±0.15 c 71.78±0.81 a 1.36±0.03 a
CU240 11.18±0.63 a 69.87±0.43 bc 1.31±0.01 a
CRU240 11.47±0.41 a 69.26±0.48 c 1.28±0.01 a
CRU216 11.34±0.58 a 71.27±0.19 abc 1.30±0.02 a
CRU192 11.08±0.19 a 71.46±0.72 ab 1.33±0.01 a
2022 CRU168 9.41±0.51 b 70.54±0.72 ab 1.33±0.01 a
CRU144 9.39±0.62 b 71.71±0.71 a 1.34±0.04 a
2023 CK 7.58±0.41 c 74.20±0.85 a 1.35±0.01 a
CU240 11.01±0.51 a 70.30±0.51 cd 1.30±0.02 a
CRU240 11.36±0.31 a 69.89±0.39 d 1.30±0.01 a
CRU216 10.96±0.21 a 71.22±0.43 bcd 1.32±0.01 a
CRU192 10.57±0.53 ab 71.55±0.53 bcd 1.34±0.01 a
CRU168 9.63±0.39 b 71.71±0.71 bc 1.34±0.04 a
CRU144 9.52±0.36 b 72.10±0.78 b 1.34±0.02 a
方差分析 Variance analysis
年份 Year (Y) NS NS NS
处理 Treatment (T) ** ** NS
年份×处理 Y×T NS NS NS

Table 5

Analysis of economic benefits of sorghum under different fertilization treatments"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产出
Output
(yuan hm-2)		 肥料投入
Fertilizer input
(yuan hm-2)		 其他投入
Other input
(yuan hm-2)		 净利润
Net income
(yuan hm-2)		 产投比
Output-input ratio (%)
2022 CK 13,002.63 150.00 4950.00 7902.63 2.55
CU240 18,070.77 630.00 4950.00 12,490.77 3.24
CRU240 18,933.79 918.00 4950.00 13,065.79 3.23
CRU216 18,607.33 841.20 4950.00 12,816.13 3.21
CRU192 17,061.49 764.40 4950.00 11,347.09 2.99
CRU168 16,223.93 687.60 4950.00 10,586.33 2.88
CRU144 14,235.08 610.80 4950.00 8674.28 2.56
2023 CK 12,368.71 150.00 4950.00 7268.71 2.43
CU240 18,230.77 630.00 4950.00 12,650.77 3.27
CRU240 19,093.79 918.00 4950.00 13,545.79 3.31
CRU216 18,831.33 841.20 4950.00 13,040.13 3.25
CRU192 17,905.49 764.40 4950.00 12,191.09 3.13
CRU168 15,903.93 687.60 4950.00 10,266.33 2.82
CRU144 14,595.08 610.80 4950.00 9034.28 2.62

Table 6

Path analysis of sorghum yield and its regulatory factors in different treatments"

指标
Index		 相关系数
Correlation coefficient		 直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient		 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0.87** -0.27 — -0.90 0.76 0.66
X2 -0.87** 0.17 -0.16 — 0.53 0.35
X3 0.94** 0.84 0.23 0.55 — 0.93
X4 0.89** 0.79 0.48 -0.66 0.78 —
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