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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (04): 601-613.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00601

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Climatic Factors in the Southeast of Sichuan Basin on Grain Yield of Mid-season Hybrid Rice

Fu-Xian XU(), Xing-Bing ZHOU, Lin ZHANG, Peng JIANG, Mao LIU, Yong-Chuan ZHU, Xiao-Yi GUO, Hong XIONG   

  1. Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Southwest Rice Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Deyang 618000, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2017-08-11 Accepted:2018-01-08 Online:2018-01-26 Published:2018-01-26
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-01-25), the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (20120302), the National Grain Bumper Science and Technology Project (2013BAD07B13-05), and the Sichuan Financial Genetic Engineering Project.

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Abstract:

The aim of this study was to clarify the key climatic factors influencing rice yield, and propose the technical measures for rice yield increase in southeast Sichuan Basin. A field experiment with two hybrid rice cultivars, II you 602 and Jingyou 127, was conducted to study the effect of climatic factors on yield increasing in water-logged paddy field of this area in 2015 and 2016. In each year, the two cultivars were grown in two combinations (high nitrogen rate with low plant density, HNLD; low nitrogen rate with high plant density, LNHD), respectively, on five sowing dates. As the sowing date delayed, the mean whole growth duration of hybrid rice was shortened by 14.77%, from 148.13 d to 123.25 d. Vegetative period of hybrid rice, rather than the reproductive period, was mainly affected by climatic factors. Grain yield of hybrid rice was not significantly affected (differentiated) by year, cultural method and cultivar. Grain yield of hybrid rice dropped from 8507.76 kg ha-1 on March 5 to 6251.01 kg ha-1 on May 24. The average grain yield of hybrid rice across five sowing dates was reduced by 26.53%. Growth duration from sowing (SO) to transplanting (TR), TR to jointing stage (JS), number of days in vegetative period and whole growth duration, respectively, had a significantly positive correlation with spikelets per panicle and grain yield. The effects of climatic factors on grain yield of hybrid rice varied with years and cultivars. For good quality rice Jingyou 127, percentage of filled grain, thousand-grain weight and grain yield, respectively, were significantly and positively correlated with average diurnal temperature from full heading (HD) to maturity (MA), while significantly and negatively correlated with sunshine hours from JS to HD in 2015; spikelets per panicle and grain yield, respectively, had a significantly negative correlation with average maximum temperature from SO to TR and average diurnal temperature from TR to JS in 2016. For high-yielding cultivar II you 602, panicles per m2, thousand-grain weight and grain yield, respectively, were significantly or extremely significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation from TR to JS in 2015; spikelets per panicle and grain yield, respectively, were significantly or extremely significantly and negatively correlated with daily maximum temperature from TR to JS, while percentage of filled grain, thousand-grain weight and grain yield, respectively, were significantly and positively correlated with average relative humidity from JS to HD in 2016. In conclusion, the optimum sowing dates in southeast Sichuan Basin are from March 5 to March 25 for single mid-season hybrid rice. Meanwhile, sowing as early as possible during the optimum sowing period will be more beneficial to the improvement of guarantee rate for safe full heading of ratoon rice in main crop-ratooning rice system.

Key words: Southeast Sichuan Basin, climatic factor, mid-season hybrid rice, grain yield

Table 1

Chemical quality of tested soil"

年度
Year		 pH 有机质
Organic
fertilizer (%)		 全氮
Total N
(%)		 全磷
Total P
(%)		 全钾
Total K
(%)		 有效氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 有效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
2015 6.42 2.034 0.148 0.089 1.104 127.6 89.4 153.2
2016 6.68 2.215 0.151 0.074 1.152 147.9 84.7 173.4

Table 2

Dates at key growth stages in experimental treatments of rice(month/day)"

Table 3

Comparison of growth periods in experimental treatments of rice (d)"

处理
Treatment		 播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA		 营养生长
VG		 生殖生长
RG		 全生育期
WGP
最小值 Min. 20.0 32.0 26.0 24.0 53.0 53.0 120.0
最大值Max. 35.0 61.0 39.0 35.0 94.0 68.0 154.0
平均值 Mean 26.9 44.7 32.0 29.8 71.6 61.8 133.3
CV (%) 20.5 17.6 8.9 9.4 15.0 6.4 7.7
年度
Year		 2015 27.8 a 43.9 b 31.5 b 30.6 a 71.7 a 62.0 a 133.7 a
2016 26.0 b 45.4 a 32.6 a 28.9 b 71.4 a 61.5 b 132.9 b
播期
Sowing time
(month/day)		 3/5 34.0 a 50.0 a 34.1 a 30.0 b 84.0 a 64.1 b 148.1 a
3/25 28.5 c 51.3 a 31.6 bc 29.6 b 79.8 b 61.3 c 141.0 b
4/20 29.5 b 40.6 c 32.0 b 27.1 c 70.1 c 59.1 d 129.3 c
5/4 22.0 d 44.3 b 29.8 c 28.9 b 66.3 d 58.6 d 124.9 d
5/24 20.5 e 37.1 d 32.5 ab 33.1 a 57.6 e 65.6 a 123.3 e
栽培方式
Cultivation mode		 高氮低密 HNLD 26.9 a 44.7 a 32.1 a 29.5 b 71.6 a 61.6 a 133.2 a
低氮高密 LNHD 26.9 a 44.6 a 31.9 a 30.0 a 71.5 a 61.9 a 133.5 a
品种
Variety		 旌优127 Jingyou 127 26.9 a 41.5 b 31.8 a 30.5 a 68.4 b 62.3 a 130.6 b
II优602 II you 602 26.9 a 47.9 a 32.2 a 29.5 b 74.8 a 61.3 b 136.0 a

Table 4

Regression analysis between days of whole growth period (Y) and days of different growth stages (X) in rice"

品种
Variety		 年度
Year		 回归方程
Regression equation		 F值
F-value		 R2 偏相关
Partial correlation		 t检验值
t-test value
旌优127
Jingyou 127		 2015 Y = 35.01+0.87X1+1.10X2+0.88X4 213.5** 0.9907 r(Y, X1)=0.9665 9.23**
r(Y, X2)=0.9555 7.93**
r(Y, X4)=0.6797 2.27
2016 Y = 0.52+1.79X1+0.81X2+1.67X4 348.2** 0.9943 r(Y, X1)=0.9955 25.59**
r(Y, X2)=0.9918 18.97**
r(Y, X4)=0.9869 14.97**
II优602
II you 602		 2015 Y = 42.02+0.58X1+1.19X2+0.68X3 337.6** 0.9941 r(Y, X1)=0.9513 7.56**
r(Y, X2)=0.9842 13.60**
r(Y, X3)=0.6413 2.05
2016 Y = 36.21+1.01X1+0.76X2+1.14X3 28.94** 0.9354 r(Y, X1)=0.8603 4.13**
r(Y, X2)=0.9207 5.78**
r(Y, X3)=0.6461 2.07

Table 5

Comparison of grain yield and panicle-spikelet structures in treatments of rice"

处理
Treatment		 最高苗
The highest seedling
(×104 hm-2)		 有效穗
Productive panicle
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle		 结实率
Seed setting rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
最小值Min. 227.40 150.60 141.02 74.32 26.16 5578.50
最大值Max. 357.60 260.40 193.23 90.06 31.03 9193.65
平均值Mean 275.87 207.33 159.45 83.13 28.82 7515.55
CV (%) 13.26 13.21 7.92 5.68 4.44 13.86
年度
Year		 2015 277.97 a 201.03 b 161.41 a 83.93 a 29.12 a 7487.49 a
2016 273.78 a 213.63 a 157.49 b 82.33 a 28.53 b 7543.60 a
播期
Sowing time
(month/day)		 3/5 287.03 ab 214.48 ab 171.44 a 83.57 a 29.24 a 8507.76 a
3/25 300.96 a 222.04 a 163.85 ab 84.79 a 29.08 a 8481.69 a
4/20 267.21 bc 207.84 b 158.00 bc 83.60 a 28.69 ab 7480.31 b
5/4 254.93 c 196.86 c 154.22 cd 82.90 a 28.80 ab 6856.97 bc
5/24 269.25 bc 195.43 c 149.76 d 80.80 a 28.31 b 6251.01 c
栽培方式
Cultivation mode		 高氮低密 HNLD 252.17 b 193.95 b 166.97 a 83.34 a 28.79 a 7410.19 a
低氮高密 LNHD 299.57 a 220.71 a 151.94 b 82.93 a 28.86 a 7620.91 a
品种
Variety		 旌优127 Jingyou 127 291.99 a 224.99 a 155.30 b 79.01 b 27.73 b 7356.68 a
II优602 II you 602 259.76 b 189.68 b 163.61 a 87.25 a 29.92 a 7674.41 a

Table 6

Regression analysis between grain yield (Y) and panicle-spikelet structures (X) in rice"

品种
Variety		 年度
Year		 回归方程
Regression equation		 F值
F-value		 R2 偏相关
Partial correlation		 t检验值
t-test value
旌优127
Jingyou 127		 2015 Y = -18716.16+36.97X2+47.66X3+131.57X4 40.75** 0.9532 r(Y, X1)=0.9242 5.93**
r(Y, X3)=0.8625 4.17**
r(Y, X4)=0.6766 2.25
2016 Y = -743.40+1.72X1+5.4X2 38.20** 0.9161 r(Y, X1)=0.9090 5.77**
r(Y, X2)=0.9323 6.82**
II优602
II you 602		 2015 Y = -10968.48+49.33X1+57.61X2 240.0** 0.9856 r(Y, X1)=0.9889 17.58**
r(Y, X2)=0.9828 14.06**
2016 Y = -1213.12+2.84X1+3.23X2+7.50X3 70.82** 0.9725 r(Y, X1)=0.9756 10.87**
r(Y, X2)=0.9637 8.84**
r(Y, X3)=0.8176 3.48**

Table 7

Correlation coefficients between grain yield, panicle-spikelet structures and days of different growth stages in rice"

性状
Trait		 播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA		 营养生长
VG		 生殖生长
RG		 全生育期
WGP
2015
最高苗Highest seedling 0.302 -0.089 -0.050 0.345 0.093 0.267 0.167
有效穗Productive panicle 0.306 -0.316 -0.038 0.343 -0.054 0.271 0.004
穗粒数Spikelets per panicle 0.538* 0.584** -0.374 -0.306 0.653** -0.469* 0.619**
结实率Seed setting rate 0.321 0.632** -0.077 -0.636** 0.575** -0.585** 0.504*
千粒重1000-grain weight 0.364 0.792** -0.242 -0.597** 0.702** -0.643** 0.632**
产量Yield 0.875** 0.430* -0.408 -0.200 0.720** -0.397 0.711**
2016
最高苗Highest seedling 0.142 0.209 0.190 0.212 0.244 0.271 0.366
有效穗Productive panicle 0.301 0.060 0.260 0.067 0.204 0.232 0.309
穗粒数Spikelets per panicle 0.576** 0.445* 0.415 -0.375 0.662** 0.070 0.669**
结实率Seed setting rate 0.127 0.419 0.125 -0.306 0.408 -0.099 0.344
千粒重1000-grain weight 0.020 0.342 0.145 -0.074 0.289 0.060 0.307
产量Yield 0.635** 0.590** 0.557** -0.321 0.811** 0.208 0.879**

Table 8

Climatic factor values inifferent growth stages for two rice varieties with different sowing time treatments (2015)"

气候因素
Climatic
factor		 播种期
Sowing time
(month/day)		 旌优127 Jingyou 127 II优602 II you 602
播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA		 播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA
日最高气温
Daily maximum temperature
(°C)		 X1 X2 X3 X4 X1 X2 X3 X4
3/5 22.55 26.09 28.71 31.59 22.55 26.40 29.39 33.45
3/25 24.75 28.10 29.15 33.77 24.75 28.37 30.86 32.94
4/20 27.43 28.87 31.45 31.73 27.43 28.92 32.83 30.14
5/4 27.64 29.43 32.16 30.31 27.64 29.13 33.13 30.21
5/24 28.40 30.74 32.13 27.69 28.40 31.03 31.42 26.75
日最低气温
Daily minimum temperature
(°C)		 X5 X6 X7 X8 X5 X6 X7 X8
3/5 13.98 17.52 21.98 23.58 13.98 18.39 22.91 23.93
3/25 15.86 20.11 22.65 24.12 15.86 20.56 23.30 24.29
4/20 18.62 22.03 23.40 23.74 18.62 22.64 23.72 22.98
5/4 19.70 22.64 23.71 22.98 19.70 22.34 23.89 23.16
5/24 21.50 23.20 23.95 21.80 21.50 23.29 23.67 21.28
日平均气温
Average daily temperature
(°C)		 X9 X10 X11 X12 X9 X10 X11 X12
3/5 17.76 21.22 24.66 26.92 17.76 21.81 25.46 27.95
3/25 19.55 23.43 25.23 28.16 19.55 23.76 26.42 27.85
4/20 22.35 24.76 27.53 26.90 22.35 24.95 28.26 25.70
5/4 23.11 25.33 28.14 25.81 23.11 25.08 28.55 25.83
5/24 24.26 26.31 27.95 23.99 24.26 26.83 26.92 23.36
气候因素
Climatic
factor		 播种期
Sowing time
(month/day)		 旌优127 Jingyou 127 II优602 II you 602
播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA		 播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA
降水量
Amount of precipitation
(mm)		 X13 X14 X15 X16 X13 X14 X15 X16
3/5 73.6 103.9 70.5 380.5 73.6 125.5 151.6 279.1
3/25 86.6 114.7 159.0 298.6 86.6 124.4 280.9 209.1
4/20 60.7 99.5 378.9 150.5 60.7 175.3 308.0 161.5
5/4 65.4 133.9 317.7 161.5 65.4 174.1 354.4 167.9
5/24 45.3 286.2 253.9 283.3 45.3 405.7 166.4 275.0
日平均相
对湿度
Daily average relative
humidity (%)		 X17 X18 X19 X20 X17 X18 X19 X20
3/5 76.2 72.8 76.3 83.0 76.2 76.0 85.0 79.0
3/25 75.7 77.5 85.2 75.6 75.7 78.4 83.0 78.7
4/20 70.3 83.4 79.0 80.2 70.3 83.8 78.9 81.7
5/4 75.2 83.8 79.2 81.3 75.2 84.0 75.3 84.3
5/24 82.5 82.3 78.7 86.3 82.5 82.3 80.3 89.0
日照时数
Duration of sunshine (h)		 X21 X22 X23 X24 X21 X22 X23 X24
3/5 128.3 262.0 83.5 208.6 128.3 295.6 91.1 211.3
3/25 171.5 164.6 101.6 226.8 171.5 200.1 161.5 172.2
4/20 163.3 103.8 182.5 159.5 163.3 127.2 221.9 127.4
5/4 99.6 106.0 227.2 138.3 99.6 143.0 235.8 107.2
5/24 62.1 180.9 196.1 171.1 62.1 221.0 182.2 145.8

Table 9

Climatic factor values inifferent growth stages for two rice varieties with different sowing time treatments (2016)"

气候因素
Climatic factor		 播种期
Sowing time
(month/day)		 旌优127 Jingyou 127 II优602 II you 602
播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA		 播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA
日最高气温
Daily maximum temperature (°C)		 X1 X2 X3 X4 X1 X2 X3 X4
3/5 20.73 25.55 29.53 33.50 20.73 25.48 30.31 33.79
3/25 23.23 26.94 31.47 33.57 23.23 27.16 31.78 34.15
4/20 25.94 28.84 33.30 34.66 25.94 28.94 33.63 34.22
5/4 26.93 31.19 33.42 33.87 26.93 31.27 33.66 34.22
5/24 29.16 31.54 34.23 29.04 29.16 31.76 34.58 27.83
日最低气温
Daily minimum temperature (°C)		 X5 X6 X7 X8 X5 X6 X7 X8
3/5 13.64 17.63 21.62 24.67 13.64 17.67 22.18 24.67
3/25 15.28 18.97 23.48 24.67 15.28 19.20 23.56 24.99
4/20 17.90 21.34 24.33 25.68 17.90 21.32 24.92 25.67
5/4 18.66 22.45 24.77 25.13 18.66 22.56 22.81 24.44
5/24 20.89 23.33 23.53 22.41 20.89 23.13 24.13 21.80
气候因素
Climatic factor		 播种期
Sowing time
(month/day)		 旌优127 Jingyou 127 II优602 II you 602
播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA		 播种-移栽
STTT		 移栽-拔节
TTJS		 拔节-齐穗
JSFS		 齐穗-成熟
FSA
日平均气温
Average daily temperature (°C)		 X9 X10 X11 X12 X9 X10 X11 X12
3/5 16.49 20.96 25.01 28.53 16.49 20.89 25.64 28.67
3/25 18.46 22.38 26.94 28.32 18.46 22.87 27.05 30.83
4/20 21.31 24.55 28.13 29.39 21.31 24.53 28.41 29.11
5/4 22.09 25.98 28.30 28.68 22.09 26.06 28.43 27.44
5/24 24.32 26.82 28.84 25.12 24.32 26.97 29.21 24.02
降水量
Amount of precipitation (mm)		 X13 X14 X15 X16 X13 X14 X15 X16
3/5 104.7 211.5 324.3 309.8 104.7 217.6 319.2 358.2
3/25 76.8 258.8 374.1 477.9 76.8 266.6 512.7 223.5
4/20 144.2 282.5 371.1 196.4 144.2 346.8 419.5 95.2
5/4 125.3 336.6 410.8 89.2 125.3 502.1 308.2 97.3
5/24 93.9 414.3 322.2 183.4 93.9 513.0 223.6 196.0
日平均相
对湿度
Daily average relative humidity (%)		 X17 X18 X19 X20 X17 X18 X19 X20
3/5 81.08 81.84 82.54 81.48 81.08 81.94 82.30 81.18
3/25 81.68 81.07 84.23 82.88 81.68 81.06 84.97 81.82
4/20 81.24 82.35 82.31 79.12 81.24 82.91 82.24 77.19
5/4 80.35 81.38 83.15 76.74 80.35 82.53 82.57 79.15
5/24 78.44 84.13 81.00 84.26 78.44 84.06 79.78 86.69
日照时数
Duration of sunshine (h)		 X21 X22 X23 X24 X21 X22 X23 X24
3/5 108.3 180.8 189.1 218.0 108.3 190.7 206.4 212.9
3/25 97.5 246.8 166.9 241.1 97.5 270.2 175.9 230.8
4/20 127.8 180.8 232.2 206.7 127.8 195.0 253.4 195.4
5/4 93.0 259.5 181.0 200.8 93.0 274.9 214.2 153.1
5/24 119.9 177.4 265.2 121.2 119.9 200.6 273.4 93.3

Table 10

Regression analysis on climatic factors (X) to grain yield (Y)"

品种
Variety		 年度
Year		 回归方程
Regression equation		 F值
F-value		 R2 偏相关
Partial correlation		 t检验值
t-test value
旌优127
Jingyou 127		 2015 Y = -4516.29+485.8494X12+1.9389X15-6.9941X23 166666.4** 1.0000 r(Y, X12)=1.0000 402.59**
r(Y, X15)=0.9999 85.75**
r(Y, X23)= -0.9999 123.55**
2016 Y =15495.71+23.6451X1-351.6421X10-1.4708X15 71268.3** 1.0000 r(Y, X1)=0.9845 5.60**
r(Y, X10)= -0.9999 61.21**
r(Y, X15)= -0.9993 26.69**
II优602
II you 602		 2015 Y =5285.69-24.7829X14+76.7899X19 616.11** 0.9992 r(Y, X14)=0.9992 9.9947**
r(Y, X19)=0.9778 4.6608*
2016 Y =6493.22-326.01115X2-18.92X4+140.4693X19 666666.4** 1.0000 r(Y, X2)= -1.00000 634.20**
r(Y, X4)= -0.99939 28.62**
r(Y, X19)=0.99997 136.95**

Table 11

Correlation coefficients between grain yield, panicle-spikelet structures and climatic factors (X) at different growth stages in rice"

品种
Variety		 年度
Year		 气象因子
Climatic factor		 最高苗
The highest seedling		 有效穗
Productive panicle		 穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle		 结实率
Seed
setting rate		 千粒重
1000-grain weight		 产量
Yield
旌优127
Jingyou 127		 2015 X12 0.151 0.407 0.446 0.852** 0.631** 0.9736**
XX5 -0.225 -0.034 -0.454 -0.355 -0.391 -0.375
X23 -0.289 -0.220 -0.542 -0.657* -0.625* -0.734*
2016 X1 -0.417 -0.427 -0.793** -0.585 -0.484 -0.900**
X10 -0.468 -0.501 -0.758** -0.540 -0.429 -0.916**
X15 -0.167 -0.265 -0.060 0.070 -0.177 -0.280
II优602
II you 602		 2015 X14 -0.416 -0.640* -0.484 -0.458 -0.882** -0.824**
X15 -0.105 0.136 -0.264 0.140 0.050 -0.066
2016 X2 -0.464 -0.614 -0.675* -0.247 -0.077 -0.942**
X4 -0.007 0.209 0.425 0.841** 0.256 0.602
X19 0.363 0.317 0.373 0.685* 0.651* 0.680*
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