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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 1746-1755.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.81060

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Yield-increasing effect of supplementary irrigation at winter wheat flowering and its influencing factors based on water and nitrogen coupling in north China

ZHANG Jing-Ting,LYU Li-Hua,DONG Zhi-Qiang,ZHANG Li-Hua,YAO Yan-Rong,SHEN Hai-Ping,YAO Hai-Po,JIA Xiu-Ling()   

  1. Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences / Scientific Observing Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRC, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
  • Received:2018-08-26 Accepted:2019-06-12 Online:2019-11-12 Published:2019-07-09
  • Contact: Xiu-Ling JIA E-mail:jiaxiuling2013@163.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701373);the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2018301050);the Hebei Agricultural Innovation Project(C19C4896);the Hebei Agricultural Innovation Project(C19C1101)

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Abstract:

Facing the increasing water shortage in North China, new techniques for high-yield and less irrigation are urgently needed in winter wheat production. A 10-year successive field experiment was carried out from 2007 to 2016 to clarify the effects of soil water storage before sowing and effective precipitation in wheat growth duration on the yield-increasing efficiency of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage, as well as the interaction of irrigation with nitrogen (N) application rate. The objective of the study was to propose an applicable standard of irrigation for winter wheat in North China Plain. The plots were arranged in a split-plot design with the main factor of irrigation amount and sub-factor of N rate. On the condition that 75 mm water was given at jointing stage of wheat, the main-plots were assigned with supplementary water of 0 (W1) and 75 mm (W2) at flowering stage. The sub-plot treatments were N rate of 0 (N0), 60 (N60), 120 (N120), 180 (N180), 240 (N240), and 300 kg hm -2 (N300). The yield-increasing ratio of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the water storage in 2 m soil body before sowing and influenced by soil N level. The soil organic matter and total N content of N0 and N60 declined gradually with the years of experiment, and no positive effect of W2 on yield was observed since the sixth year. Under the condition of adequate soil water before sowing and normal nitrogen supply (at least 120 kg hm -2), the effect of W2 on yield was also influenced by the effective precipitation during wheat growth, especially that from jointing to flowering stage. The yield-increasing ratio of W2 decreased with the increasing effective precipitation in wheat growing period. When the effective precipitation from jointing to flowering stage was more than 25.3 mm, W2 had no significant advantage on spike number, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, biomass, harvest index, and final grain yield, indicating that irrigation of 75 mm at jointing stage was available for water-saving, high water use efficiency and high yield level. In conclusion, under the condition of well soil water content before sowing, N application rate ≥120 kg hm -2 and irrigation at jointing stage, the effective precipitation from jointing to flowering might be considered as an important criterion to determine the necessity of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage of winter wheat in North China Plain.

Key words: winter wheat, irrigation regime, water and nitrogen coupling effect, North China Plain, high-stable-yield

Table 1

Precipitation and irrigation amount during the experimental period (mm)"

年份 Year 小麦季总降水量
Precipitation of
wheat season		 拔节-开花期降水量
Precipitation from jointing to flowering stage		 W1处理灌水量
Irrigation amount of
W1 treatment		 W2处理灌水量 Irrigation amount of W2 treatment
拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Flowering stage		 总量
Total
2007 125.4 11.7 67.5 67.5 74.5 142.0
2008 163.4 39.4 68.3 68.3 69.0 137.3
2009 67.3 0 75.0 75.0 67.5 142.5
2010 107.3 8.1 76.3 76.3 69.5 145.8
2011 71.5 0 78.2 78.2 72.4 150.6
2012 101.3 33.2 75.0 73.9 72.8 146.7
2013 94.6 22.3 75.0 75.8 74.6 150.4
2014 64.8 7.2 105.3 86.3 81.8 168.1
2015 99.1 25.7 76.8 76.8 77.6 154.4
2016 75.5 8.6 74.5 74.5 77.7 152.2

Fig. 1

Relationship between the yield-increasing ratio of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage of winter wheat and the water storage in 2 m soil body before sowing"

Fig. 2

Year-to-year variations of yield-increasing ratio of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage of winter wheat under different N application levels"

Fig. 3

Effects of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage on wheat yield under zero and low N application levels"

Fig. 4

Changes in organic matter content (a) and total nitrogen content (b) in the topsoil with different nitrogen application levels"

Fig. 5

Relationship between the yield-increasing ratio of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage and the effective precipitation in winter wheat growth duration"

Fig. 6

Relationship between the yield-increasing ratio of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage and the effective precipitation from jointing to flowering of winter wheat"

Fig. 7

Relationship between the yield-increasing ratio of supplementary irrigation at flowering stage and the effective precipitation from flowering to maturity of winter wheat"

Table 2

Winter wheat yield traits and their responses to water and nitrogen under two precipitation scenarios from jointing to flowering stage"

处理
Treatment		 拔节-开花期有效降水量不大于25.3 mm
Effective precipitation from jointing to flowering stage ≤ 25.3 mm		 拔节-开花期有效降水量大于25.3 mm
Effective precipitation from jointing to flowering stage > 25.3 mm
穗数
Spike number (×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重1000-grain weight (g) 生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数Harvest index 穗数
Spike number (×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number
per spike		 千粒重1000-grain weight (g) 生物量
Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数Harvest index
W1
N0 424.3 d 24.9 b 40.8 b 8313.3 d 0.43 b 517.8 c 27.3 b 45.0 a 8427.2 d 0.44 a
N60 558.0 c 29.8 a 41.0 b 10239.6 c 0.44 ab 582.3 b 29.7 a 44.6 a 12894.2 c 0.45 a
N120 567.0 c 29.9 a 38.7 c 12175.3 b 0.46 a 674.9 a 30.9 a 42.4 ab 14392.3 b 0.47 a
N180 625.1 ab 28.4 ab 38.4 c 11987.4 b 0.46 a 659.6 a 30.9 a 42.1 ab 14983.4 a 0.47 a
N240 617.3 ab 29.2 a 38.9 c 12319.4 b 0.45 a 671.3 a 31.2 a 41.9 b 15150.3 a 0.46 a
N300 604.8 ab 30.1 a 38.2 c 12233.0 b 0.45 a 676.0 a 30.3 a 41.7 b 15163.7 a 0.46 a
均值 Average 556.1 28.7 39.3 11211.3 0.45 630.3 30.0 42.9 13501.9 0.46
W2
N0 523.6 c 25.6 b 44.9 a 8542.6 d 0.43 b 540.9 c 26.4 b 44.6 a 8745.8 d 0.44 a
N60 589.3 bc 31.5 a 43.6 a 10443.1 c 0.45 a 534.9 c 27.7 b 44.8 a 12561.9 c 0.45 a
N120 618.3 ab 32.2 a 41.4 b 14885.7 a 0.47 a 684.6 a 30.8 a 44.0 a 14722.9 ab 0.48 a
N180 663.2 a 32.1 a 41.5 b 15145.5 a 0.46 a 685.5 a 30.5 a 43.3 a 15059.6 a 0.47 a
N240 662.7 a 32.9 a 41.3 b 14665.9 a 0.46 a 684.5 a 32.4 a 43.3 a 15244.9 a 0.47 a
N300 667.0 a 32.6 a 41.5 b 15143.2 a 0.45 a 696.8 a 31.3 a 43.0 a 15307.8 a 0.46 a
均值 Average 620.7 31.1 42.3 13137.7 0.45 637.8 29.8 43.8 13607.1 0.46

Fig. 8

Comparisons of water consumption and utilization of winter wheat between two irrigation treatments under the condition of effective precipitation > 25 mm from jointing to flowering stage Data are the means of the years in which effective rainfall was above 25 mm from jointing to flowering in 2006-2016. Different letters above error bars indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05 (LSD method, P < 0.05)."

Table 3

Correlation coefficient among grain yield, water consumption and water use efficiency"

指标
Index		 相关系数Correlation coefficient P值 P-value
籽粒产量
Grain yield		 土壤耗水量
Soil water
consumption		 总耗水量
Total water consumption		 籽粒产量
Grain yield		 土壤耗水量
Soil water
consumption		 总耗水量
Total water consumption
土壤耗水量
Soil water consumption		 0.570 0.004
总耗水量
Total water consumption		 0.447 -0.120 0.028 0.576
水分利用效率
Water use efficiency		 0.748 0.842 -0.528 0.000 0.000 0.032

Fig. 9

Effective precipitation from jointing to flowering of winter wheat in Gaocheng district, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province during 1986-2018 (mm) Data were collected from the Shijiahuang Meteorological Bureau and the weather station installed in the experimental field."

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