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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6): 902-913.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.93053

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of strip-till with staggered planting on yield formation and shoot-root characteristics of spring maize in irrigation area of Xiliaohe plain

ZHANG Yu-Qin1,YANG Heng-Shan1,*(),LI Cong-Feng2,ZHAO Ming2,LUO Fang1,ZHANG Rui-Fu1   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028042, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2019-09-23 Accepted:2020-01-15 Online:2020-06-12 Published:2020-01-24
  • Contact: Heng-Shan YANG E-mail:yanghengshan2003@aliyun.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0201806);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960382)

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Abstract:

A field research was conducted in the Agricultural High-tech Demonstration Park in Horqin District of Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, using the maize variety Nonghua 101 with two cropping modes, including strip-till with staggered planting (seeding strip tillage, 15 cm + 45 cm narrow-double row staggered sowing, TGCW) and conventional tillage with equal row space (rotary tillage with row space of 60 cm, CK), and three planting densities (67,500 plants hm -2, 82,500 plants hm -2, and 97,500 plants hm -2) in 2017 and 2018 to study the effect of strip-till with staggered planting on regulating spring maize yield formation and coordination characteristics of shoot-root in irrigation areas of Xiliao river plain. The model of that strip-till with staggered planting enhanced maize yield by 13.1% and 13.8% in 2017 and 2018, under the planting density 82,500 plants hm -2 compared with CK, respectively. The strip-till with staggered planting showed a distinct advantage on the amount and rate of dry matter accumulation after silking, which obviously delayed the senility of leaves in later growth stage, meanwhile, compared with CK, the light transmittance significantly increased in or above panicle layers. The leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate and population photosynthetic potential in the model of strip-till with staggered planting were higher than those in CK in late growth stage. At later growing stage, the strip-till with staggered planting had significantly higher root dry weight than CK in different soil layers, with the highest root ratio in 20-60 cm, especially under higher planting density. The grain yield against per unit of root weight at silking and root-shoot ratio at maturity had a distinct advantage. In conclusion the strip-till with staggered planting combined with high planting density can increase light transmission rate in above-spike layer in late growing stage, alleviate leaf area decline, increase production capacity, facilitate root growth and increase root ratio in deeper soil layers. Shoot-root coordination under dense planting is one of the main reasons facilitating yield increase of spring maize in irrigation areas of Xiliao river plain.

Key words: spring maize, strip-till with staggered cultivation, maize yield, crown-root characteristics

Fig. 1

Sketch map of different planting patterns and field photograph of seedling stage"

Table 1

Spring maize yield and its components under different planting patterns"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 ear hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 有效穗数
Effective spike
(×104 ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernels per
spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel
weight (g)		 实测产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
2017 6.75 TGCW 6.31 c 554.00 a 397.67 a 11.25 c
CK 6.27 c 522.33 b 386.00 ab 10.56 c
8.25 TGCW 7.62 b 506.33 bc 375.00 abc 12.87 b
CK 7.52 b 486.67 d 356.33 bc 11.38 c
9.75 TGCW 9.02 a 463.00 d 354.67 bc 13.82 a
CK 8.95 a 433.67 e 347.00 c 12.43 b
2018 6.75 TGCW 6.12 c 583.67 a 415.33 a 13.78 b
CK 5.97 c 560.00 b 403.00 ab 12.84 c
8.25 TGCW 7.65 b 554.00 b 386.67 bc 14.76 a
CK 7.71 b 529.33 c 371.00 bc 12.97 c
9.75 TGCW 9.12 a 516.00 c 367.00 cd 15.34 a
CK 9.03 a 485.67 d 355.33 d 13.87 b

Table 2

Analysis of variance of spring maize yield and yield components under different planting patterns"

年份
Year		 差异源
Source of difference		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight
F P F P F P
2017 密度Density (D) 41.466** 0.0021 41.318** 0.0234 70.16* 0.0140
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 24.614** 0.0025 49.993** 0.0010 5.37 0.1571
密度×种植方式D×T 1.113 0.3881 0.127 0.8823 0.48 0.6394
2018 密度Density (D) 25.098** 0.0054 16.048** 0.0076 95.84* 0.0103
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 74.245** 0.0001 92.866** 0.0010 11.60 0.0794
密度×种植方式D×T 3.604 0.0938 0.977 0.4172 1.031 0.3916

Table 3

Dry matter accumulation and accumulation rate before and after silking of spring maize under different planting patterns"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 吐丝前 Before silking 吐丝后 After silking
积累量
Dry matter
accumulation (t hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation
rate (%)		 积累量
Dry matter
accumulation (t hm-2)		 积累率
Accumulation
rate (%)
2017 6.75 TGCW 10.85 d 48.62 11.46 b 51.38
CK 10.89 d 50.31 10.76 c 49.69
8.25 TGCW 12.81 b 51.10 12.25 a 48.90
CK 12.43 c 51.19 11.85 b 48.81
9.75 TGCW 13.73 a 52.15 12.60 a 47.85
CK 13.33 b 53.60 11.54 b 46.40
2018 6.75 TGCW 11.94 d 48.46 12.90 c 51.54
CK 11.23 d 47.45 12.44 c 52.55
8.25 TGCW 13.82 c 49.02 14.37 b 50.98
CK 13.15 c 50.44 12.92 c 49.56
9.75 TGCW 15.09 a 49.89 15.15 a 50.11
CK 14.60 b 51.39 13.80 b 48.61

Table 4

Leaf source characteristics of spring maize under different planting patterns"

年份
Year		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting
pattern		 叶面积指数
LAI		 净光合速率
NPR (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1)		 群体光合势
LAD (m2 d hm-2)
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期-乳熟期
Silking-milking		 乳熟期-完熟期
Milking-maturity
2017 6.75 TGCW 4.89 c 4.59 d 32.48 a 30.22 ab 151.68 d 104.94 e
CK 4.71 c 4.18 e 29.72 ab 28.27 b 142.24 d 92.73 f
8.25 TGCW 6.87 b 6.23 b 28.57 b 25.38 c 209.60 c 138.27 c
CK 6.71 b 5.76 c 31.78 a 29.19 a 199.52 c 124.91 d
9.75 TGCW 7.91 a 7.03 a 30.33 a 27.11 b 239.04 a 162.86 a
CK 7.60 a 6.46 b 29.36 a 25.04 c 224.96 b 143.88 b
2018 6.75 TGCW 5.30 c 5.01 e 23.32 a 20.71 b 164.95 d 120.49 e
CK 5.19 c 4.70 f 21.52 ab 18.75 c 158.25 d 112.38 e
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 吐丝期-乳熟期
Silking-milking		 乳熟期-完熟期
Milking-maturity
8.25 TGCW 6.56 b 6.01 c 19.32 bc 16.97 d 201.17 c 146.54 c
CK 6.38 b 5.56 d 23.43 a 21.62 b 191.05 c 133.99 d
9.75 TGCW 8.07 a 7.21 a 23.63 a 19.61 c 244.63 a 175.97 a
CK 7.81 a 6.70 b 21.37 b 17.02 d 232.16 b 160.24 b

Fig. 2

Light transmission rate in different layers of spring maize under different planting patterns Bars superscripted by different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year at the 0.05 probability level. SWS: upper ear leaf; SWC: ear leaf; SWX: under ear leaf. "

Table 5

Root dry weight in different soil layers of spring maize under different planting patterns (kg hm-2) "

土层深度
Siol depth
(cm)		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 2017 2018
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity
0-20 6.75 TGCW 23.35 a 21.02 a 18.39 a 24.42 a 20.93 a 19.53 a
CK 23.58 a 20.37 b 16.49 b 23.79 a 20.16 a 17.68 b
8.25 TGCW 19.37 b 17.94 c 14.82 c 20.36 b 18.13 b 15.49 c
CK 19.58 b 16.81 d 13.59 d 19.71 b 17.05 c 14.06 d
9.75 TGCW 17.24 c 15.85 e 11.75 e 17.92 c 15.94 d 12.25 e
CK 17.58 c 14.92 f 10.34 f 17.56 c 14.57 e 11.01 f
F值
F-value		 密度Density (D) 40.21** 167.66** 105.67** 605.89** 318.40** 460.93**
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 7.99 10.87* 15.82** 26.82 44.73* 61.18*
密度×种植方式D×T 0.23 1.05 2.94 0.51 0.40 1.48
20-40 6.75 TGCW 1.31 a 1.13 a 0.78 a 1.44 a 1.16 a 0.88 a
CK 1.01 bc 0.81 c 0.56 c 1.19 bc 1.09 b 0.63 bc
8.25 TGCW 1.25 a 0.97 b 0.68 bc 1.29 b 1.06 b 0.80 a
CK 0.91 c 0.73 d 0.46 d 0.96 d 0.85 c 0.50 d
9.75 TGCW 1.18 b 0.77 cd 0.57 c 1.13 c 0.77 d 0.56 cd
CK 0.75 d 0.52 e 0.35 e 0.88 d 0.63 e 0.37 e
F值
F-value		 密度Density (D) 13.03* 55.24* 62.32** 39.12** 47.15** 31.43*
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 116.25** 112.83** 195.80** 80.05** 14.66* 64.17**
密度×种植方式D×T 1.15 0.68 0.02 0.47 4.52 3.78
40-60 6.75 TGCW 0.75 a 0.73 a 0.48 a 0.72 a 0.76 a 0.56 a
CK 0.58 b 0.61 b 0.35 b 0.53 c 0.64 b 0.44 b
8.25 TGCW 0.53 bc 0.46 c 0.31 b 0.61 bc 0.52 c 0.36 c
CK 0.38 d 0.38 d 0.23 c 0.44 de 0.34 e 0.25 d
9.75 TGCW 0.47 c 0.43 c 0.26 c 0.51 cd 0.42 d 0.32 d
CK 0.31 d 0.26 e 0.18 d 0.39 e 0.31 e 0.23 e
F值
F-value		 密度Density (D) 322.43** 45.07** 207.30** 56.75** 241.38** 280.65**
种植方式Planting patterns (T) 318.15** 19.00* 141.69** 134.36** 106.93** 160.60*
密度×种植方式D×T 1.43 4.21 4.62 1.80 2.87 0.52

Table 6

Roots distribution of spring maize in different soil layers under different planting patterns (%)"

土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 种植密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 2017 2018
吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity		 吐丝期
Silking		 乳熟期
Milking		 完熟期
Maturity
0-20 6.75 TGCW 91.89 91.87 93.59 91.87 91.60 93.13
CK 93.68 93.48 94.77 93.26 92.10 94.29
8.25 TGCW 91.58 92.62 93.74 91.46 91.94 93.03
CK 93.82 93.84 95.17 93.37 93.48 94.94
9.75 TGCW 91.27 92.96 93.40 91.62 93.05 93.30
CK 94.31 95.03 95.12 93.26 93.94 94.83
20-40 6.75 TGCW 5.16 4.94 3.97 5.42 5.08 4.20
CK 4.01 3.72 3.22 4.66 4.98 3.36
8.25 TGCW 5.91 5.01 4.30 5.80 5.41 4.80
CK 4.36 4.05 3.22 4.55 4.66 3.38
9.75 TGCW 6.25 4.52 4.53 5.78 4.50 4.27
CK 4.02 3.31 3.22 4.67 4.06 3.19
40-60 6.75 TGCW 2.95 3.19 2.44 2.71 3.33 2.67
CK 2.30 2.80 2.01 2.08 2.92 2.35
8.25 TGCW 2.51 2.37 1.96 2.74 2.65 2.16
CK 1.82 2.11 1.61 2.08 1.86 1.69
9.75 TGCW 2.49 2.52 2.07 2.61 2.45 2.44
CK 1.66 1.66 1.66 2.07 2.00 1.98

Fig. 3

Ratio of root/shoot and grain weight per unit of root weight under different planting patterns"

Fig. 4

Correlation analysis between dry matter accumulation, root dry weight and grain yield under different planting patterns"

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