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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (8): 1225-1237.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.03007

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Critical nitrogen dilution curves and nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of spring maize under different precipitation patterns in Weibei dryland

LIU Peng-Zhao,SHI Zu-Jiao,NING Fang,WANG Rui,WANG Xiao-Li,LI Jun()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-01-31 Accepted:2020-04-15 Online:2020-08-12 Published:2020-05-08
  • Contact: Jun LI E-mail:junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Technology Support Program of China(2015BAD22B02);National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)(2013AA102902);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801300)

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Abstract:

The excessive nitrogen (N) applications, large rainfall variations and poor water-nitrogen couplings are main problems to efficient nitrogen fertilizer uses in spring maize production of Weibei dryland. Critical nitrogen dilution curves under different rainfall scenarios in Weibei dryland were constructed in this study to analyze the feasibilities of diagnosing and evaluating nitrogen nutritional conditions in terms of nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), which would provide a theoretical basis for reasonable nitrogen fertilizations application of dryland maize in response to different rainfalls. The experiment design using Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Shaandan 8806 (SD8806) as tested materials was five treatments level, N applied at 0(N0), 75(N1), 150(N2), 270(N3), and 360(N4) kg hm-2 in 2016 and 2017, and at 0(N0), 90(N0), 180(N2), 270(N3), and 360(N4) kg hm-2 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. It was rainy at the ear stage and dry at the grain stage in 2016 and 2018, whereas dry at the ear stage and rainy at the grain stage in 2017 and 2019. Critical nitrogen dilution curve models for spring maize with two precipitation patterns were constructed and verified using the data collected in the four-year position nitrogen fertilization experiment. The results showed that: (1) increased nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased aboveground biomass and plant N concentrations, and there were significantly different among different treatments. Both critical nitrogen concentrations (Nc) and aboveground biomass conformed the exponential relations with the two precipitation patterns, but there were differences between the parameters of the models for these relations (a. Rainy at the ear stage: Nc = 35.98DM-0.35; b. Dry at the ear stage: Nc = 35.04DM-0.23). The relatively stable model had a linear correlation between the fitted and actual plant N concentrations, which shown that the RMSE and n-RMSE were 1.03 and 5.75% at the ear stage over the rainy years and 1.53 and 6.78% at the ear stage in the dry years, respectively. (2) at the different growth stages, NNI were increased with the increased application, and there were differences in the optimal nitrogen application under different precipitation conditions. The optimum N rate in the form of basal fertilizers was 150-180 kg hm-2, and in the form of top dressing fertilizers was 45-75 kg hm-2 at the ear stage in the rainy years. The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) was significantly correlated with relative nitrogen uptake (RNupt), as were relative aboveground biomass (RDW) and relative yield (RY). When the NNI was 1.02 at the ear stage in the rainy years, the maximum RY was 0.95; and when the NNI was 1.08 at the ear stage in the dry years, the maximum RY was 0.92. The critical nitrogen dilution curve model and nitrogen nutrition index model constructed in this study were able to accurately predict nitrogen nutrition conditions from jointing stage to maturity stage under the two precipitation patterns of spring maize. They would provide an important guidance for nitrogen diagnosis and fertilization application in maize growing stage.

Key words: precipitation pattern, Weibei dryland, spring maize, critical nitrogen dilution curve, nitrogen nutrition index

Fig. 1

Precipitation distributions at the different growth stages from 2016 to 2019 VE-V3: from emergence stage to third leaf stage; V3-V6: from third leaf stage to jointing stage; V6-VT: from jointing stage to tasseling stage; VT-R3: from tasseling stage to milk stage; R3-R6: from milk stage to maturity stage."

Table 1

Aboveground biomass at the different growth stages and grain yield of dryland spring maize at the different N rates"

年份
Year		 品种
Varieties		 施氮量
N rates		 地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass (t hm-2) 籽粒产量
Grain yield (t hm-2)
V6 VT R3 R6
2016 郑单958 N0 2.17 d 4.78 e 9.67 d 18.22 d 9.98 c
ZD958 N75 3.13 c 5.68 d 11.39 c 20.13 c 10.89 b
N150 3.39 b 6.18 c 13.36 b 21.4 b 11.87 a
N270 3.46 a 7.02 b 14.91 a 21.93 a 12.22 a
N360 3.31 b 7.85 a 15.25 a 22.22 a 11.89 a
陕单8806 N0 2.07 c 4.94 e 10.47 e 18.17 d 9.77 b
SD8806 N75 2.41 b 5.46 d 12.39 d 19.42 c 10.14 b
N150 2.46 b 6.11 c 13.36 c 20.58 b 10.68 a
N270 2.67 a 7.11 b 14.61 b 20.97 b 10.97 a
N360 2.86 a 7.55 a 17.25 a 22.64 a 10.99 a
2017 郑单958 N0 2.10 d 3.78 d 4.97 d 10.22 d 2.22 e
ZD958 N75 2.13 d 4.68 c 6.98 c 12.13 c 2.78 d
N150 2.39 c 5.20 b 8.96 b 13.40 b 4.47 a
N270 2.86 b 6.35 a 9.03 b 14.93 a 4.12 b
N360 3.31 a 6.78 a 9.24 a 15.22 a 3.43 c
陕单8806 N0 2.23 c 3.78 d 4.87 d 9.17 e 2.31 e
SD8806 N75 2.31 c 4.68 c 5.98 c 10.42 d 3.02 d
N150 2.49 b 5.13 b 8.98 b 12.59 c 4.17 b
N270 2.43 b 6.35 a 9.01 b 13.97 b 4.29 a
N360 3.08 a 6.71 a 9.14 a 14.64 a 3.80 c
2018 郑单958 N0 2.23 d 5.11 d 9.97 e 13.45 d 6.72 d
ZD958 N90 2.81 c 6.16 c 12.39 d 17.42 c 9.68 bc
N180 3.09 c 6.90 b 13.36 c 22.29 b 9.82 ab
N270 3.33 b 7.22 a 14.61 b 23.03 a 10.12 a
N360 3.48 a 7.65 a 15.25 a 23.14 a 9.42 c
陕单8806 N0 1.91 c 4.62 d 8.93 d 15.06 d 5.67 d
SD8806 N90 2.69 b 5.11 c 12.72 d 18.02 c 7.64 c
N180 3.11 a 6.86 b 13.51 c 20.80 b 9.75 b
N270 3.22 a 7.10 a 15.99 b 21.90 a 10.26 a
N360 3.24 a 7.22 a 16.29 a 21.3 a 9.83 ab
2019 郑单958 N0 2.08 d 3.78 e 4.57 d 9.87 d 3.21 d
ZD958 N90 2.41 c 4.68 d 5.98 c 10.02 c 3.85 c
N180 2.85 b 5.83 c 9.76 a 13.98 a 5.05 a
N270 2.86 b 7.35 a 9.62 a 13.97 a 4.61 b
N360 2.96 a 6.80 b 9.24 b 13.64 b 4.44 b
陕单8806 N0 2.01 c 3.48 d 4.97 d 9.87 e 2.85 d
SD8806 N90 2.69 b 4.58 c 6.98 c 10.42 d 3.75 c
N180 2.81 a 6.23 b 8.76 b 12.58 c 4.32 b
N270 2.91 a 6.35 b 8.83 b 14.07 a 4.91 a
N360 2.84 a 6.61 a 9.03 a 13.84 b 4.03 bc

Fig. 2

Plant N concentrations at different stages of dryland spring maize under the different precipitation patterns a: rainy at the ear stage; b: dry at the ear stage. V6: jointing stage; VT: tasseling stage; R3: milk stage; R6: maturity stage. Nitrogen was applied at N0, N1, N2, N3, and N4, that is, 0, 75, 150, 270, and 360 kg hm-2 from 2016 to 2017, and at 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg hm-2 from 2018 to 2019."

Table 2

Variance analysis of aboveground biomass, nitrogen uptake, and grain yield at different stages of dryland maize"

因子
Factors		 V6 VT R3 R6 籽粒产量
Grain yield (t hm-2)
DM Na DM Na DM Na DM Na
郑单958 ZD958 2.82 23.50 6.11 18.49 10.43 15.56 16.53 12.49 7.04
陕单8806 SD8806 2.71 23.78 5.78 18.05 10.52 15.67 16.02 11.98 6.66
2016 2.79 23.43 6.27 16.87 13.27 12.67 20.57 10.16 10.94
2017 2.53 23.56 7.72 20.11 7.72 18.45 12.67 16.81 3.46
2018 2.91 23.63 6.41 17.27 13.31 12.07 19.64 10.36 8.89
2019 2.64 23.48 6.57 20.51 7.78 18.85 12.23 16.41 4.10
N0 2.10 20.11 4.28 15.43 7.30 12.55 13.01 9.59 5.34
N1 2.57 22.13 5.13 17.04 9.35 14.05 14.75 10.73 6.47
N2 2.82 23.19 6.06 18.57 11.26 16.02 17.20 12.94 7.52
N3 2.97 25.63 6.86 20.35 12.08 17.12 18.11 14.02 7.69
N4 3.14 26.45 7.15 21.06 12.59 18.05 18.33 15.15 7.23
F-value
年份Year(Y) 6.10** 0.22NS 164*** 219*** 4938*** 831*** 5133*** 885*** 11735***
品种Variety(V) 0.59NS 0.85NS 1.11NS 0.96NS 1.31NS 0.37NS 0.72 NS 0.38 NS 143***
施氮量Nitrogen(N) 33*** 1675*** 714*** 278*** 1947*** 335*** 1110*** 414*** 654***
年份×品种Y×V 0.29NS 0.28NS 0.71NS 0.32NS 0.45NS 0.12NS 0.81NS 0.13NS 34***
年份×施氮量Y×N 1.74NS 35*** 9.31** 4.61* 35*** 14*** 58*** 11.21** 44***
品种×施氮量V×N 0.08NS 2.39NS 3.32* 1.03NS 13.72** 0.04NS 11.21** 0.11NS 8.92**
年份×品种×施氮量Y×V×N 0.05NS 1.13NS 3.71* 0.34NS 15.21** 0.01NS 8.91** 0.04NS 17.12**

Fig. 3

Relationships between the plant N concentrations and aboveground biomass of dryland spring maize under the different precipitation patterns a: rainy at the ear stage; b: drought at the ear stage. Nc, Nmin, and Nmax are critical nitrogen concentration, minimum, and maximum of nitrogen concentration in spring maize."

Fig. 4

Validations of critical nitrogen dilution curve with independent data under different precipitation patterns in dryland spring maize a: rainy at the ear stage; b: drought at the ear stage."

Fig. 5

Dynamic changes of nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) under different precipitation patterns in dryland spring maize a: rainy at the ear stage; b: drought at the ear stage. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 6

Relationships between nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and relative nitrogen uptake (RNupt) under different precipitation patterns in dryland spring maize a: rainy at the ear stage; b: drought at the ear stage. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2. *** indicates significant at P ≤ 0.001."

Fig. 7

Relationships between nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and relative aboveground dry biomass (RDW) under different precipitation patterns in dryland spring maize a: rainy at the ear stage; b: drought at the ear stage. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2. ** indicates significant at P ≤ 0.01; *** indicates significant at P ≤ 0.001."

Fig. 8

Relationships between nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and relative yield (RY) under different precipitation patterns in dryland spring maize a: rainy at the ear stage; b: drought at the ear stage."

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