旱地冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤氮素平衡对降水年型与施氮量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11034

Abstract

Abstract:

To study the effects of nitrogen application rate on grain yield, nitrogen utilization, and soil nitrogen balance of dryland winter wheat fields under different rainfall types, we explored the optimal nitrogen input levels for stable yield and high efficiency of winter wheat in the Weibei highland of North China, which could provide a theoretical basis for efficient fertilization. Five nitrogen treatments including 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg hm^-2 (designated as N0, N60, N120, N180, and N240, respectively) were arranged in Heyang County, Shaanxi Province from 2017 to 2020. The three-year in situ experiment were as follows: (1) Different rainfall types had significant impact on yield and economic profits of winter wheat. Compared with the normal and dry year, the yield of the humid year was increased by 33.6% and 113.3% and economic profits were increased by two to three times or more. Nitrogen fertilizer recycling and agronomic efficiency of winter wheat had similar change patterns with yield, and the nitrogen fertilizer recycling, and agronomic efficiency were increased by 4.7%, 0.6 kg kg^-1 (normal year), and 11.9%, 2.5 kg kg^-1 (dry year) in the humid year compared with the normal and dry year. (2) Regardless of the rainfall type, the yield and nitrogen fertilizer recycling and agronomic efficiency of winter wheat increase first and then decrease with the increase of N application. The highest values were found under N180 treatment in both humid and normal years, and the NO₃^--N accumulation in 0-100 cm layer after wheat harvest were 108.9 and 113.6 kg hm^-2, respectively. In dry year, the NO₃^--N accumulation under N120 treatment in 0-100 cm layer after wheat harvest was 100.8 kg hm^-2 reaching the highest value. (3) The threshold of nitrogen input was determined by the best economic benefit and the highest yield, the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 158.9-166.5, 121.2-130.0, and 148.1-155.7 kg hm^-2, respectively; The threshold of nitrogen input was determined by the balance of soil nitrogen pool and the maximum nitrogen uptake, the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 166.5-190.3, 109.6-147.7, and 153.5-198.9 kg hm^-2, respectively. Considering the high yield and high efficiency of winter wheat and low soil nitrogen loss, we concluded that when the nitrogen application rates in humid year, dry year, and normal year were 158.9-190.3, 109.6-147.7, and 148.1-198.9 kg hm^-2, respectively. It was the suitable nitrogen application rate for both high yield and good environmental benefits, which could be benefit for reference in the production of this region.

Key words: rainfall type, Weibei dryland, nitrogen balance, winter wheat, nitrate nitrogen

GUO Xing-Yu, LIU Peng-Zhao, WANG Rui, WANG Xiao-Li, LI Jun. Response of winter wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen balance to rainfall types and nitrogen application rate in dryland[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1262-1272.

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土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g kg^-1)	速效氮 Available N (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
0-20	11.38	0.8	0.5	7.2	35.7	9.2	177.2
20-40	8.53	0.6	0.4	7.7	33.6	8.4	103.3
40-60	8.41	0.5	0.3	7.6	40.9	3.6	98.8

年份 Year	AR (mm)	TPF (mm)	TPG (mm)	DI	降水年型 Rainfall type
2017-2018	528.4	264.2	264.2	0.6	H
2018-2019	352.2	214.4	137.8	-1.8	D
2019-2020	470.8	248.6	222.2	-0.2	N

种子及肥料投入 Seed and fertilizers inputs (Yuan kg^-1)				其他投入 Other inputs (Yuan hm^-2)
尿素 Urea	过磷酸钙 Superphosphate	硫酸钾 Potassium sulfate	种子 Seed	整地 Tillage	播种 Sowing	收割 Reaping	除草 Herbicide	喷药 Medicament
1.6	0.9	3.8	4.3	600	750	750	900	375

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	生产投入 Production input (Yuan hm^-2)	产量收益 Yield income (Yuan hm^-2)	经济收益 Net income (Yuan hm^-2)
2017-2018 丰水年型 Humid year	N0	3546 d	349.8 a	28.5 b	44.7 a	5900 c	7800 c	1900 c
	N60	4036 c	341.6 a	28.5 b	44.9 b	5833 c	8879 b	3046 b
	N120	4762 a	349.5 a	29.4 b	45.0 a	6040 bc	10,477 a	4437 a
	N180	4876 a	348.0 a	37.1 a	45.6 a	6247 ab	10,728 a	4481 a
	N240	4465 b	346.8 a	33.4 a	44.5 a	6454 a	9822 a	3368 b
2018-2019 欠水年型 Dry year	N0	1626 d	169.5 b	12.5 c	26.6 c	5900 c	3578 d	-2322 c
	N60	2126 bc	178.2 a	15.2 ab	28.6 b	5833 c	4677 b	-1156 b
	N120	2382 a	183.7 a	16.6 a	29.8 a	6040 bc	5239 a	-801 a
	N180	2183 ab	185.7 a	14.2 b	28.4 b	6247 ab	4803 ab	-1444 b
	N240	1851 c	193.0 a	10.1 d	28.1 b	6454 a	40,738 c	-2076 c
2019-2020 平水年型 Normal year	N0	2553 c	292.7 b	25.8 b	40.4 c	5900 c	5616 d	-284 e
	N60	3092 b	308.8 a	27.8 ab	41.3 c	5833 c	6802 c	969 c
	N120	3551 ab	305.0 a	28.2 ab	42.4 b	6040 bc	7812 ab	1772 b
	N180	3800 a	318.6 a	30.1 a	43.4 a	6247 ab	8360 a	2113 a
	N240	3231 b	308.8 a	27.7 ab	39.4 e	6454 a	7109 bc	655 d

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吸氮量 N output (kg hm^-2)	氮肥回收利用率 Recovery efficiency of N (%)	氮肥农学效率 Agronomic efficiency of N (kg kg^-1)
2017-2018 丰水年 Humid year	N0	124.6 c	—	—
	N60	138.8 b	29.0 b	6.9 c
	N120	163.9 a	32.7 ab	8.1 b
	N180	169.9 a	39.8 a	9.1 a
	N240	162.0 a	19.3 c	3.5 d
2018-2019 欠水年 Dry year	N0	73.0 c	—	—
	N60	92.4 b	13.3 c	3.1 c
	N120	118.3 a	32.0 a	7.4 a
	N180	106.2 a	16.8 b	6.3 b
	N240	97.4 b	11.2 c	0.9 d
2019-2020 平水年 Normal year	N0	121.6 c	—	—
	N60	134.7 bc	24.2 b	6.7 b
	N120	148.5 ab	28.7 ab	7.5 ab
	N180	159.9 a	32.3 a	8.3 a
	N240	151.6 ab	16.8 c	2.8 c

Response of winter wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen balance to rainfall types and nitrogen application rate in dryland

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	施氮量 N input	还田秸秆含氮量 Straw returning N	播前土壤含氮量 Initial N	吸氮量 N output	收获后土壤含氮量 Accumulation N after harvest	氮素表观盈余 Surplus
2017-2018 丰水年 Humid year	N0	0	60.0	56.9	124.6 c	25.4 e	-33.1 e
	N60	60	60.0	56.9	138.8 b	57.8 d	-19.6 d
	N120	120	60.0	56.9	163.9 a	72.6 c	0.4 c
	N180	180	60.0	56.9	169.9 a	108.6 b	18.1 b
	N240	240	60.0	56.9	162.0 a	157.2 a	37.7 a
2018-2019 欠水年 Dry year	N0	0	36.5	38.4	73.0 c	31.7 e	-29.8 e
	N60	60	41.6	43.1	92.4 b	67.0 d	-14.7 d
	N120	120	47.9	66.1	118.3 a	100.8 c	14.9 c
	N180	180	50.9	74.5	106.2 a	132.4 b	66.9 b
	N240	240	48.6	122.5	97.4 b	200.5 a	113.2 a
2019-2020 平水年 Normal year	N0	0	36.5	45.1	121.6 c	33.5 e	-73.5 d
	N60	60	46.1	41.4	134.7 bc	64.1 d	-51.2 c
	N120	120	60.3	72.0	148.5 ab	92.2 c	11.6 b
	N180	180	65.5	102.9	159.9 a	113.6 b	74.9 a
	N240	240	59.6	152.7	151.6 ab	222.9 a	77.8 a

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