密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04100

Abstract

Abstract:

It is important to increase potato production and the natural resource utilization efficiency in dryland farming system. A field experiment was conducted using Longshu 10 with three planting modes from 2017 to 2019, including farmer mode (CK), the mode with high yield and efficiency (YE), and higher yield mode (HY). The leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate, accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was investigated. The results showed that LAI and SPAD were increased in YE and HY compared to CK, and it was more significant in 2017 when there was less rainfall. Meanwhile, less reduction in LAI and SPAD after tubers enlargement resulted in an increase of canopy photosynthetic rate by 29.9%, 34.7% (in 2018 and 2019), and 40.2%, 50.5% (in 2018 and 2019) during the expanding stage and starch accumulation stage, respectively. Average aboveground dry matter in YE and HY was higher than CK by 123.1% and 118.5% in the enlargement stage due to higher LAI and photosynthetic rate. The contribution rate of assimilation after potato tuber enlargement in YE and HE was higher than CK by 22.56% and 19.29%, resulting in an average potato production increase of 47.93% and 47.78%, and average water use efficiency increased by 77.59% and 75.85%, respectively. YE and HY advantaged in tuber production and income improvement. Compared with CK, the net income increased by 7330.3 Yuan hm^-2 and 6024.6 Yuan hm^-2 in 2017 to 2019, respectively. The accumulation of N, P, and K was significantly enhanced due to large population canopy and high plant biomass accumulation. Compared to CK, N and P use efficiency, and the harvest index of N and P was increased under YE mode by 15.21%, 17.20% and 3.85%, 7.79%, respectively, and the N use efficiency was increased by 12.37% under HY mode. WUE, N, and P use efficiency of YE mode was higher than HY by 2.05%, 2.53%, and 23.41%, respectively, and the net income increased by 1305.7 Yuan hm^-2. Therefore, replacement of slow-release urea with organic manure by 40% and improvement of planting density with 60,000 plants hm^-2 in YE mode potentially increased in water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, high canopy photosynthetic rate maintenances, and remobilization of dry matter from stem and leaf to tubers. In conclusion, YE as a high tuber production and resource use efficiency planting mode, is recommended in semi-arid areas with black-film mulched potato cultivation regime.

Key words: potato, cultivation pattern, canopy photosynthetic capacity, dry matter accumulation and transportation, yield, water-fertilization use efficiency

LIU Yan-Lan, GUO Xian-Shi, ZHANG Xu-Cheng, MA Ming-Sheng, WANG Hong-Kang. Effects of planting density and fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield and water-fertilizer utilization of dryland potato[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2021, 47(2): 320-331.

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栽培模式 Cultivation pattern	缩写 Abbreviations	覆盖方式 Coverage style	密度 Density (plant hm^-2)	肥料种类及用量 Fertilizer type and dosage (kg hm^-2)
栽培模式 Cultivation pattern	缩写 Abbreviations	覆盖方式 Coverage style	密度 Density (plant hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	羊粪 Sheep manure
农户栽培 Farmer mode cultivation	CK	露地平作 Flat planting without plastic mulching	45,000	120	75	0	0
高产高效栽培 High yield and efficiency cultivation	YE	全膜覆盖垄沟种植 Ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching	60,000	150	90	120	45,000
超高产栽培 Higher yield cultivation	HY	全膜覆盖垄沟种植 Ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching	67,500	210	120	150	45,000

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	现蕾期 Squaring stage	花期 Flowering stage	块茎膨大期 Tuber expanding stage	淀粉积累期 Starching accumulation stage
2017	CK	1.27±0.09 c	1.53±0.18 b	3.07±0.16 b	2.45±0.10 c
	YE	1.80±0.20 b	2.41±0.16 a	3.73±0.16 a	3.32±0.17 a
	HY	2.03±0.17 a	2.56±0.17 a	3.68±0.13 a	3.21±0.15 b
2018	CK	1.83±0.18 b	2.83±0.18 b	3.32±0.16 b	2.71±0.21 b
	YE	2.49±0.21 a	3.68±0.25 a	4.14±0.12 a	3.75±0.16 a
	HY	2.65±0.29 a	3.73±0.18 a	4.28±0.14 a	3.88±0.16 a
2019	CK	2.22±0.16 b	2.37±0.13 b	3.38±0.17 b	2.82±0.31 b
	YE	2.73±0.13 a	3.11±0.16 a	4.27±0.20 a	3.82±0.28 a
	HY	2.83±0.24 a	3.23±0.17 a	4.32±0.16 a	3.95±0.22 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	现蕾期 Squaring stage	花期 Flowering stage	块茎膨大期 Tuber expanding stage	淀粉积累期 Starching accumulation stage
2017	CK	50.73±0.43 a	58.27±0.86 b	60.58±0.91 b	62.49±0.69 b	53.87±1.06 b
	YE	52.90±0.96 a	61.73±0.57 a	64.68±0.80 a	66.67±0.87 a	60.36±0.75 a
	HY	51.29±0.86 a	62.80±0.76 a	65.48±0.52 a	66.13±0.57 a	58.67±0.78 a
2018	CK	45.07±0.75 a	50.23±0.57 b	52.66±0.34 b	56.60±1.07 b	47.19±2.16 b
	YE	46.58±0.31 a	54.76±0.54 a	55.86±1.19 a	61.15±0.44 a	55.16±0.31 a
	HY	45.88±0.62 a	55.26±0.25 a	56.92±0.91 a	61.02±0.20 a	54.56±0.33 a
2019	CK	42.03±0.99 b	48.15±1.03 b	53.43±1.06 b	58.62±1.04 b	48.58±0.93 b
	YE	45.29±0.76 a	55.82±0.85 a	58.82±0.42 a	62.37±0.63 a	53.40±0.74 a
	HY	46.62±0.54 a	56.14±0.25 a	57.58±0.78 a	63.22±0.29 a	52.73±0.28 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	块茎膨大期Tuber expanding stage		淀粉积累期Starching accumulation stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	净光合速率(CO₂) Net photosynthetic rate (μmol m^-2 s^-1)	冠层光合能力 Canopy photosynthesis ability (P_n×LAI)	净光合速率(CO₂) Net photosynthetic rate (μmol m^-2 s^-1)	冠层光合能力 Canopy photosynthesis ability (P_n×LAI)
2018	CK	18.92 a	62.72 b	14.69 a	39.81 b
	YE	19.47 a	80.52 a	14.92 a	55.96 a
	HY	19.55 a	83.69 a	15.59 a	60.41 a
2019	CK	19.45 a	65.74 b	15.83 a	44.64 b
	YE	20.22 a	86.34 a	16.36 a	62.41 a
	HY	20.68 a	89.34 a	16.88 a	66.59 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	块茎膨大前干物质转运量DMT (kg hm^-2)	块茎膨大前干物质转运率DMTE (%)	块茎膨大后同化物输入块茎量PEA (kg hm^-2)	同化物对块茎的贡献率CPAT (%)
2017	CK	2800 b	47.07 a	2406 c	46.22 c
	YE	2879 b	25.66 b	5046 a	63.67 a
	HY	3207 a	29.57 b	4765 b	59.78 b
2018	CK	2124 b	70.03 a	2747 b	56.39 c
	YE	2427 a	36.38 b	4662 a	65.76 a
	HY	2401 a	35.74 c	4606 a	65.73 a
2019	CK	2107 b	68.75 a	3111 b	59.61 b
	YE	2236 a	34.11 b	4654 a	67.55 a
	HY	2298 a	33.68 b	4612 a	66.74 a

Effects of planting density and fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield and water-fertilizer utilization of dryland potato

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指标Item		CK	YE	HY
N	氮素总积累量NTA (kg hm^-2)	330.04±5.29 b	389.05±11.32 a	397.54±7.14 a
	氮素利用效率NUE (kg kg^-1)	81.58±0.26 b	93.99±1.65 a	91.67±2.55 a
	氮素收获指数NHI	0.78±0.001 b	0.81±0.001 a	0.79±0.015 b
P	磷素总积累量PTA (kg hm^-2)	24.59±1.18 c	28.45±1.01 b	34.98±0.03 a
	磷素利用效率PUE (kg kg^-1)	1096.72±66.52 b	1285.33±14.38 a	1041.50±11.11 b
	磷素收获指数PHI	0.81±0.015 a	0.81±0.034 a	0.82±0.001 a
K	钾素总积累量KTA (kg hm^-2)	115.34±1.25 b	165.56±6.54 a	164.43±8.44 a
	钾素利用效率KUE (kg kg^-1)	233.43±0.47 a	220.89±1.57 b	221.81±9.21 b
	钾素收获指数KHI	0.77±0.022 b	0.83±0.079 a	0.88±0.024 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	商品率 Commodity rate (%)	商品产量 Commodity yield (kg hm^-2)	非商品产量Non-commodity yield (kg hm^-2)	经济收益Benefit (Yuan hm^-2)	生产资料投入 Production materials input (Yuan hm^-2)	劳力投入Labor input (Yuan hm^-2)	燃油投入 Fuel input (Yuan hm^-2)	纯收益 Profit (Yuan hm^-2)
2017	CK	49.76 c	12,887 b	13,011 b	23,271 b	4809	6720	750	10,992 c
	YE	62.53 b	27,828 a	16,679 a	43,401 a	9837	9600	750	23,214 a
	HY	71.50 a	29,199 a	11,636 b	42,020 a	11,305	10,000	750	19,965 b
2018	CK	64.14 c	16,047 b	8972 a	24,639 b	4809	6720	750	12,360 b
	YE	79.90 a	28,066 a	7060 a	37,916 a	9837	9600	750	17,729 a
	HY	75.27 b	28,518 a	9371 a	39,845 a	11,305	10,000	750	17,790 a
2019	CK	49.00 b	13,589 b	14,144 a	24,793 b	4809	6720	750	12,514 b
	YE	68.43 a	25,123 a	11,590 b	37,102 a	9837	9600	750	16,915 a
	HY	69.94 a	26,230 a	11,274 b	38,240 a	11,305	10,000	750	16,185 a

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