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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 396-409.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14026

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of DPC and nitrogen fertilizer through drip irrigation on growth and yield in cotton

ZHANG Te(), WANG Mi-Feng, ZHAO Qiang*()   

  1. College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University / Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2021-02-13 Accepted:2021-04-26 Online:2022-02-12 Published:2021-06-15
  • Contact: ZHAO Qiang E-mail:18240968114@163.com;qiangzhao99@163.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Major Science and Technology Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2020A01002-2);the Science and Technology Research Project of the Corps(2018AB039);the Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2018E02030)

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of DPC (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride) and nitrogen fertilizer on agronomic traits and clarify the interaction effect of DPC and nitrogen fertilizer through drip irrigation in cotton, we performed a two-factor randomized block design with three nitrogen levels (pure N, N1: 150 kg hm -2, N2: 300 kg hm -2, and N3: 450 kg hm -2) and three DPC levels (D1: 525 g hm -2, D2: 1050 g hm -2, and D3: 2100 g hm -2). These groups interacted with each other and formed nine treatments. The effects of different groups on agronomic traits, the spatial and temporal distribution of boll, the accumulation and distribution of dry matter, yield, and fiber quality were investigated in cotton. The results showed that the interaction between DPC and nitrogen fertilizer had a significant impact on the agronomic traits of cotton; The retarding effect of DPC on cotton growth was weakened or even disappeared under the low nitrogen condition. Under N1 treatment, compared to D1 treatment, plant height, initial node height of fruit branch, length of fourth, and seventh fruit branch of D3 treatment increased by 12.07, 1.54, 1.28, and 1.20 cm, respectively. Under normal or high nitrogen conditions, DPC had a certain retarded effect on cotton growth, but the control effect did not increase with the increasing DPC doses. Under N3 treatment, compared with D1 treatment, the plant height, first fruit branch length, and the average internode length of the second fruit of D3 treatment decreased by 1.05, 1.68, and 1.52 cm, respectively. Plant height, stem diameter, and fruit branch number of cottons increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Compared with N1 treatment, N3 treatment increased 3.30 cm, 0.75 mm and 0.29 sets, respectively. There were no significant differences in the length of fruit branch and internode among the different nitrogen application rates. The drip application of D2 treatment was beneficial for dry matter accumulation and translocation to reproductive organs. It promoted pre-ambient and ambient peaches growth, but there was not significant effect on cotton yield and fiber quality. The total dry matter accumulation was 13.14%-44.50% higher in N1 than that in other treatments. The percentage of reproductive organs increased by 2.05%-6.30% compared with N3 treatment. When applying 2100 g hm -2 DPC and 150 kg hm -2 nitrogen fertilizer with water drop, the cotton fiber quality, seed cotton yield, boll number per plant, and boll weight per plant were the highest; and the effect of yield increase was better. In conclusion, we recommended to apply 1050-2100 g hm -2DPC and 150 kg hm -2 nitrogen fertilizer with drip irrigation in the cotton area of northern Xinjiang.

Key words: cotton, DPC, nitrogen fertilizer, fruit branch length, dry matter, yield

Table 1

Dose and date of DPC with drop irrigation (g hm-2)"

处理
Treatment
剂量 Dose 总量
Total
6月10日Jun. 10 6月18日Jun. 18 6月30日Jun. 30 7月10日Jul. 10
D1 60 120 120 225 525
D2 120 240 240 450 1050
D3 240 480 480 900 2100

Table 2

Dose and date of nitrogen fertilizer with drop irrigation (kg hm-2)"

处理
Treatment
剂量 Dose 总量
Total
6月10日Jun. 10 6月18日Jun. 18 6月30日Jun. 30 7月10日Jul. 10 7月21日Jul. 21 8月1日Aug. 1 8月9日Aug. 9 8月26日Aug. 26
N1 7.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 7.5 150
N2 15.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 15.0 300
N3 22.5 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.5 22.5 450

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen and DPC treatments on main stem agronomic characters in cotton"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
株高
Plant height
(cm)
茎粗
Stem diameter
(mm)
主茎叶片数
No. of stem leaf
果枝台数
No. of fruit branch
果枝始节高
Height of the first branch (cm)
2018 D1 N1 68.10±6.13 a 10.35±1.19 ab 15.50±0.97 b 10.4±1.07 a 22.65±2.49 a
N2 76.70±4.39 cd 10.90±0.79 bc 15.60±1.26 b 11.7±0.94 b 24.10±5.02 abc
N3 80.10±3.81 d 11.48±1.09 c 16.90±1.12 c 11.9±1.28 b 22.84±2.44 ab
D2 N1 69.70±8.15 ab 9.45±1.17 a 15.40±1.50 b 10.5±1.26 a 25.95±2.62 c
N2 71.10±8.58 abc 10.14±1.17 ab 14.00±0.94 a 11.5±1.08 b 25.75±3.36 abc
N3 75.80±7.16 bcd 10.85±0.22 bc 14.70±1.15 ab 11.6±0.84 b 26.95±2.16 c
D3 N1 78.70±4.24 d 10.35±0.77 ab 15.50±0.84 b 12.4±1.17 b 23.23±4.04 abc
N2 78.80±4.26 d 10.81±0.69 bc 14.50±0.97 ab 11.6±0.69 b 25.14±3.23 b
N3 72.00±7.90 abc 11.05±1.02 bc 15.50±1.90 b 11.6±1.26 b 26.52±3.87 c
D1 74.97±6.97 ab 10.70±0.89 a 15.16±1.36 a 11.33±1.26 a 22.51±3.59 a
D2 72.20±8.15 a 10.56±1.21 a 14.70±1.31 a 11.20±1.15 a 25.55±2.99 b
D3 76.50±6.41 b 11.43±1.20 b 16.00±1.25 b 12.10±1.21 b 25.26±3.72 b
N1 72.16±7.77 a 10.41±1.24 a 15.93±1.63 b 11.33±1.66 a 24.26±3.74 a
N2 75.53±6.74 a 10.97±0.86 ab 14.70±1.23 a 11.60±0.89 a 24.31±3.86 a
N3 75.96±7.51 a 11.31±1.20 b 15.23±1.04 a 11.70±1.11 a 24.75±3.53 a
D 3.546* 6.267** 8.653** 6.198** 7.422**
N 3.231* 5.930** 7.633** 0.944 0.187
D×N 6.306** 2.325 0.950 7.336** 2.510*
2017 D1 N1 65.90±6.81 a 8.13±0.64 a 15.50±1.90 a 11.20±1.87 a 21.70±2.55 b
N2 66.90±5.72 a 9.21±0.60 bcd 14.50±0.97 a 10.00±1.24 a 24.10±5.02 ab
N3 67.00±6.59 a 8.48±0.86 ab 15.62±0.74 a 11.12±0.64 a 21.50±2.67 ab
D2 N1 64.65±7.51 a 8.69±1.02 abc 15.40±1.50 a 11.10±1.37 a 25.95±2.16 ab
N2 67.95±5.89 a 9.31±0.61 bcd 14.00±0.94 a 9.40±1.17 a 23.75±3.36 a
N3 69.15±6.28 ab 9.53±0.97 cd 14.70±1.15 a 10.60±1.26 a 26.95±2.62 ab
D3 N1 79.45±6.48 c 9.69±1.11 d 15.30±3.45 a 10.80±3.48 a 24.20±4.04 ab
N2 66.38±5.79 a 9.39±0.62 cd 15.67±1.32 a 11.22±1.09 a 24.72±3.19 b
N3 69.50±8.78 ab 9.57±0.99 cd 15.50±0.97 a 11.40±1.26 a 26.50±3.87 b
D1 66.58±6.15 a 8.62±0.82 a 15.17±1.38 a 10.75±1.45 a 22.50±3.72 a
D2 70.58±7.02 b 9.18±0.93 b 14.70±1.31 a 10.36±1.42 a 25.55±2.99 b
D3 71.95±8.94 b 9.56±0.91 b 15.48±2.16 a 11.13±2.19 a 25.15±3.74 b
N1 73.35±8.79 b 8.84±1.12 a 15.40±2.35 a 11.03±2.34 a 23.95±3.41 a
N2 67.10±5.63 a 9.30±0.59 a 14.68±1.25 a 10.17±1.36 a 24.17±3.84 a
N3 68.66±7.16 a 8.66±7.16 a 15.25±1.04 a 11.03±1.13 a 25.23±3.86 a
D 4.542* 8.661** 1.705 1.527 7.007**
N 7.003** 2.425 1.368 2.293 0.717
D×N 2.946* 2.198 0.880 1.035 2.189

Fig. 1

Effects of nitrogen and DPC treatments on the length of the first, fourth, and seventh branches of cotton in 2017 and 2018 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 3. Values followed by different lowercase letters in the same fruit branch are significant difference at the 0.05 probability level among the treatments."

Table 4

Effects of nitrogen and DPC treatments on the length of the first and second fruit node of the fruit branch in cotton (cm)"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
第1果枝
The first fruit branch
第4果枝
The fourth fruit branch
第7果枝
The seventh fruit branch
第1果节间长
Length of first fruit node
第2果节间长
Length of second fruit node
第1果节间长
Length of first fruit node
第2果节间长
Length of second fruit node
第1果节间长
Length of first fruit node
第2果节间长
Length of second fruit node
2018 D1 N1 9.50±2.39 a 2.00±0.54 a 13.00±2.32 a 7.50±2.35 b 5.00±1.02 ab 3.50±0.24 ab
N2 10.50±3.66 a 5.91±1.46 a 14.75±2.90 a 5.62±1.88 ab 5.80±3.56 ab 4.40±2.38 bc
N3 9.62±3.30 a 5.37±3.90 a 10.66±5.25 a 9.00±5.29 b 5.16±0.28 ab 2.83±0.57 ab
D2 N1 8.83±1.15 a 2.66±0.28 a 9.16±3.17 a 7.33±3.75 ab 5.00±0.77 ab 3.50±0.81 ab
N2 8.68±3.61 a 6.25±2.26 a 11.37±3.54 a 5.00±1.82 ab 3.83±1.44 a 3.16±2.02 ab
N3 10.41±2.20 a 6.33±4.93 a 12.08±4.74 a 4.33±2.20 a 2.50±0.72 a 3.00±1.21 ab
D3 N1 9.67±0.57 a 4.50±0.58 a 11.16±0.28 a 5.50±1.40 ab 4.33±2.30 ab 3.00±1.04 ab
N2 8.50±2.19 a 6.35±3.71 a 12.70±4.38 a 3.60±1.19 a 4.50±1.57 ab 6.00±2.57 c
N3 9.50±1.50 a 4.50±1.50 a 12.50±1.50 a 3.50±0.50 a 8.00±2.54 b 1.00±0.11 a
D1 10.00±2.92 a 4.84±2.71 a 13.00±3.48 a 7.20±3.10 b 5.40±2.28 a 3.72±1.67 a
D2 9.32±2.84 a 5.64±3.44 a 11.19±3.95 a 5.23±2.59 ab 3.77±1.30 a 3.22±1.03 a
2018 D3 9.00±1.77 a 5.53±2.86 a 12.22±2.93 a 4.09±1.20 a 5.61±2.13 a 3.33±2.17 a
N1 9.33±0.75 a 3.11±1.24 a 11.11±2.30 a 6.77±2.10 a 4.77±1.20 a 3.33±0.25 ab
N2 9.14±3.18 a 6.19±2.55 b 12.92±3.68 a 4.65±1.73 a 4.90±2.50 a 4.50±2.07 b
N3 9.96±2.30 a 5.61±3.86 b 11.83±4.02 a 5.29±3.53 a 5.22±2.38 a 2.27±1.00 a
D 0.385 2.454 0.419 1.812 2.308 0.152
N 0.183 3.746* 0.443 0.665 0.453 10.119**
D×N 1.123 0.581 0.150 1.451 2.762 7.561**
2017 D1 N1 6.37±2.49 a 4.50±2.38 b 4.83±2.84 ab 3.16±0.28 ab 3.16±1.04 ab 3.13±0.80 a
N2 6.25±2.22 a 2.75±0.82 ab 4.45±1.52 ab 2.38±0.78 a 3.00±0.50 a 2.25±0.35 a
N3 6.00±1.22 a 3.50±1.32 ab 3.30±0.26 a 3.00±1.00 ab 4.83±0.28 bc 3.33±1.15 a
D2 N1 8.75±1.76 a 3.75±0.35 ab 6.20±2.81 b 3.75±1.72 ab 4.50±0.70 bc 3.12±1.03 a
N2 5.62±2.21 a 3.12±0.62 ab 5.41±1.80 ab 2.75±1.29 ab 3.66±1.04 ab 3.00±1.32 a
N3 5.87±2.83 a 2.00±0.54 a 5.06±1.32 ab 2.92±0.83 ab 2.66±0.57 a 3.00±1.00 a
D3 N1 6.58±2.10 a 3.41±1.80 ab 6.33±2.54 b 4.50±1.54 b 4.66±0.57 bc 3.83±1.25 a
N2 5.20±1.82 a 2.70±0.75 ab 5.33±1.77 ab 3.75±2.04 ab 5.73±1.07 c 2.16±0.28 a
N3 6.33±3.05 a 2.33±1.44 a 6.35±1.67 b 2.42±0.98 a 2.66±0.57 a 4.16±2.02 a
D1 6.23±1.95 a 3.29±1.49 a 4.31±1.65 a 2.66±0.79 a 3.66±1.06 a 2.98±0.89 a
D2 6.31±2.37 a 2.80±0.82 a 5.51±1.95 ab 3.13±1.31 a 3.70±1.05 a 3.05±0.98 a
D3 6.03±2.14 a 2.92±1.39 a 6.02±1.96 b 3.50±1.71 a 4.35±1.58 a 3.38±1.51 a
N1 6.80±2.10 a 3.83±1.81 b 5.98±2.57 a 3.93±1.48 b 4.15±0.97 a 3.34±0.98 a
N2 5.79±2.03 a 2.81±0.74 a 4.93±1.65 a 2.88±1.43 a 4.13±1.46 a 2.50±0.84 a
N3 6.05±2.19 a 2.55±1.14 a 5.27±1.70 a 2.73±0.90 a 3.38±1.26 a 3.50±1.36 a
D 0.788 0.914 3.664* 0.477 2.060 0.362
N 0.836 3.297 0.436 0.383 2.116 1.854
D×N 1.440 0.164 0.441 0.710 6.284** 0.573

Table 5

Proportion of “three peaches” under nitrogen and DPC treatments in cotton (%)"

处理
Treatment
2018 2017
伏前桃
Pre-summer bolls
伏桃
Summer bolls
秋桃
Autumn bolls
伏前桃
Pre-summer bolls
伏桃
Summer bolls
秋桃
Autumn bolls
D1 N1 35.18 56.09 8.73 47.45 45.64 6.91
N2 36.19 58.93 4.88 43.64 45.45 10.91
N3 39.91 48.40 11.69 49.54 41.20 9.26
D2 N1 25.70 65.49 8.80 58.05 39.57 2.38
N2 29.89 63.81 6.30 50.00 45.24 4.76
N3 30.15 60.31 9.54 58.33 35.90 5.77
D3 N1 26.20 64.52 9.27 51.72 43.43 4.84
N2 28.90 61.69 9.40 53.33 43.89 2.78
N3 38.76 51.30 9.94 38.68 54.72 6.60
D1 37.09 54.48 8.43 46.88 44.10 9.03
D2 28.58 63.21 8.21 55.46 40.24 4.30
D3 31.29 58.84 9.87 47.91 47.35 4.74
N1 29.03 62.04 8.94 52.41 42.88 4.71
N2 31.66 61.15 7.20 48.99 44.86 6.15
N3 36.27 53.34 10.39 48.85 43.94 7.21

Table 6

Proportion of transverse spatial distribution of boll under nitrogen and DPC treatment (%)"

处理
Treatment
2018 2017
内围铃
Boll closer to steam
外围铃
Boll from to steam
内围铃
Boll closer to steam
外围铃
Boll from to steam
D1 N1 90.00 10.00 81.71 18.29
N2 88.29 11.71 77.90 22.10
N3 82.40 17.60 76.05 23.95
D2 N1 85.85 14.15 76.49 23.51
N2 84.48 15.52 73.90 26.10
N3 79.03 20.97 78.18 21.82
D3 N1 80.18 19.82 78.61 21.39
N2 77.52 22.48 73.67 26.33
N3 87.10 12.90 75.65 24.35
D1 86.90 13.10 78.55 21.45
D2 83.12 16.88 76.19 23.81
D3 81.60 18.40 75.98 24.02
N1 85.34 14.66 78.94 21.06
N2 83.43 16.57 75.16 24.84
N3 82.84 17.16 76.63 23.37

Fig. 2

Effects of nitrogen and DPC treatments on dry matter accumulation of cotton in 2017 and 2018 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 3."

Table 7

Effects of nitrogen and DPC treatments on yield and yield components in cotton"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
收获株数
Harvest plant of land
(×104 plant hm-2)
单株结铃数
Boll number
per plant
单铃重
Boll weight
(g)
衣分
Lint percentage (%)
籽棉产量
Seed cotton yield (kg hm-2)
皮棉产量
Lint cotton yield (kg hm-2)
2018 D1 N1 17.98 a 5.51 ab 5.42 a 38.94 a 5341.50 a 2082.82 a
N2 20.68 a 5.38 ab 5.58 a 39.98 ab 6262.42 a 2503.12 a
N3 18.85 a 5.49 ab 5.48 a 39.99 ab 5667.97 a 2260.91 a
D2 N1 20.49 a 5.13 a 5.75 a 39.93 ab 5966.88 a 2383.76 a
N2 20.49 a 5.25 ab 5.59 a 40.01 ab 5977.68 a 2401.98 a
N3 20.01 a 4.92 a 5.77 a 40.35 ab 5556.93 a 2243.58 a
D3 N1 16.50 a 6.46 bc 5.72 a 41.07 b 6074.88 a 2495.81 a
N2 18.07 a 5.96 ab 5.71 a 39.91 ab 6181.65 a 2468.81 a
N3 16.09 a 6.99 c 5.38 a 40.36 ab 6269.28 a 2529.67 a
2018 D1 19.17 b 5.46 a 5.49 a 39.63 a 5757.29 a 2282.28 a
D2 20.33 b 5.10 a 5.70 a 40.09 a 5833.83 a 2343.10 a
D3 16.88 a 6.47 b 5.60 a 40.44 a 6175.27 a 2498.09 a
N1 18.32 a 5.70 a 5.63 a 39.98 a 5794.42 a 2320.79 a
N2 19.74 a 5.53 a 5.62 a 39.96 a 6140.58 a 2457.97 a
N3 18.31 a 5.80 a 5.54 a 40.23 a 5831.39 a 2344.72 a
D 4.24 11.80** 0.40 2.09 0.37 0.58
N 0.91 0.44 0.005 0.25 0.43 0.37
D×N 0.26 0.93 0.12 1.45 0.25 0.33
2017 D1 N1 14.71 a 8.07 b 4.98 abc 43.64 a 5533.08 abc 2413.38 abc
N2 16.03 a 7.18 ab 4.95 abc 43.54 a 5716.70 bc 2490.64 abc
N3 14.63 a 7.64 ab 4.85 ab 43.49 a 5413.91 abc 2355.77 abc
D2 N1 15.09 a 7.80 ab 5.04 bc 42.70 a 5916.87 bc 2526.50 bc
N2 15.41 a 7.16 ab 4.91 abc 43.45 a 5330.52 ab 2315.60 ab
N3 16.90 a 6.33 a 4.62 a 43.51 a 4894.31 a 2130.53 a
D3 N1 14.37 a 8.43 b 5.11 c 43.68 a 6171.38 c 2696.66 c
N2 15.64 a 7.39 ab 4.92 abc 42.97 a 5640.65 abc 2426.84 abc
N3 16.76 a 7.03 ab 4.67 ab 42.98 a 5500.64 abc 2363.34 abc
D1 15.12 a 7.63 a 4.92 a 43.55 a 5554.56 a 2419.93 a
D2 15.80 a 7.09 a 4.85 a 43.22 a 5380.56 a 2324.21 a
D3 15.59 a 7.61 a 4.90 a 43.21 a 5770.89 a 2495.61 a
N1 14.72 a 8.10 b 5.04 b 43.34 a 5873.77 b 2545.51 b
N2 15.69 a 7.24 a 4.92 b 43.32 a 5562.62 ab 2411.02 ab
N3 16.09 a 7.00 a 4.71 a 43.32 a 5269.62 a 2283.21 a
D 0.40 1.39 0.33 0.27 2.15 1.83
N 1.67 5.04* 6.82** 0.01 5.14* 4.26*
D×N 0.83 0.68 0.62 0.43 1.29 0.97

Table 8

Effects of nitrogen and DPC treatments on fiber quality in cotton"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
纤维长度
Fiber length (mm)
断裂比强度
Specific strength
长度整齐度
Fiber uniformity (%)
纺织一致性
Textile consistency
成熟度
Maturity index
马克隆值
MIC
2018 D1 N1 28.97 a 31.63 a 84.30 a 136.33 a 0.86 a 4.97 a
N2 30.60 b 31.50 a 86.73 b 151.00 b 0.85 a 4.80 a
N3 29.43 ab 31.63 a 85.50 ab 143.33 ab 0.86 a 4.87 a
D2 N1 30.03 ab 32.43 a 85.93 ab 147.67 b 0.86 a 4.96 a
N2 29.77 ab 31.73 a 84.73 a 141.00 ab 0.85 a 4.89 a
N3 29.77 ab 32.10 a 85.53 ab 145.00 ab 0.86 a 4.89 a
D3 N1 30.37 ab 32.00 a 86.50 b 150.00 b 0.86 a 4.91 a
N2 30.33 ab 31.47 a 85.83 ab 147.00 b 0.85 a 4.75 a
N3 29.80 ab 31.60 a 85.47 ab 143.33 ab 0.86 a 4.93 a
D1 29.60 a 31.58 a 85.51 a 143.55 a 0.85 a 4.88 a
D2 29.85 a 32.08 a 85.39 a 144.55 a 0.85 a 4.91 a
D3 30.16 a 31.69 a 85.93 a 146.77 a 0.85 a 4.86 a
N1 29.79 a 32.02 a 85.57 a 144.66 a 0.86 a 4.94 b
N2 30.23 a 31.56 a 85.76 a 146.33 a 0.85 a 4.81 a
N3 29.66 a 31.77 a 85.50 a 143.88 a 0.86 a 4.89 ab
2017 D1 N1 29.00 a 29.70 a 84.07 a 129.33 a 0.88 b 5.06 bc
N2 28.62 a 29.97 a 84.17 a 129.33 a 0.88 ab 5.08 c
N3 28.85 a 29.23 a 84.57 a 130.67 a 0.88 ab 4.94 abc
D2 N1 28.90 a 29.10 a 84.33 a 130.00 a 0.88 ab 4.89 abc
N2 28.67 a 30.00 a 83.40 a 128.67 a 0.87 a 4.81 ab
N3 28.45 a 29.53 a 83.03 a 125.33 a 0.88 ab 4.84 abc
D3 N1 29.41 a 29.90 a 85.13 a 138.00 a 0.87 a 4.72 a
N2 29.05 a 29.43 a 83.67 a 127.33 a 0.88 ab 5.01 bc
N3 27.93 a 28.13 a 83.43 a 121.67 a 0.88 ab 4.85 abc
D1 28.82 a 29.63 a 84.27 a 129.77 a 0.88 a 5.02 a
D2 28.67 a 29.54 a 83.58 a 128.00 a 0.87 a 4.84 a
D3 28.79 a 29.15 a 84.07 a 129.00 a 0.87 a 4.86 a
N1 29.10 a 29.56 a 84.51 a 132.44 a 0.87 a 4.89 a
N2 28.78 a 29.80 a 83.74 a 128.44 a 0.87 a 4.96 a
N3 28.41 a 28.96 a 83.67 a 125.89 a 0.88 a 4.87 a
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