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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (4): 930-941.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12073

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characteristics of carbon emission and approaches of carbon mitigation and sequestration for carbon neutrality in China’s crop production

YAN Sheng-Ji1(), DENG Ai-Xing1, SHANG Zi-Yin1, TANG Zhi-Wei1, CHEN Chang-Qing3, ZHANG Jun1,2,*(), ZHANG Wei-Jian1,2,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    2Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Center for Carbon neutrality in Agriculture and Rural Region, Beijing 100081, China
    3Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2021-10-14 Accepted:2021-11-15 Online:2022-04-12 Published:2021-11-20
  • Contact: ZHANG Jun,ZHANG Wei-Jian E-mail:15690307667@163.com;zhangjun@caas.cn;zhangweijian@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(Green Manure, CARS-22);Key Projects of Consultation and Evaluation of the Academic Department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2021-SM01-B-008);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2021YJ02);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-XTCX2016008)

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Abstract:

Crop production not only ensures national food security, but also is the main source of agricultural carbon emissions and an important pool of carbon sequestration. To clarify the characteristics of carbon emissions from crop production and discuss the approaches to reach the peak and neutrality in major agricultural areas can provide important scientific basis to the decision making of green and high-quality agricultural development and “dual-carbon” goal. Based on the national statistical data, this study compared and analyzed the characteristics of carbon emissions in crop planting regions in China, and presented the recommendations for carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. The carbon emissions of crop production accounted for 45.5% of the national agricultural total carbon emissions in 2018, and the emissions of farmland methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) of diesel consumption accounted for 22.9%, 14.7%, and 7.9% of the total carbon emissions of agricultural production, respectively. In terms of the regional emissions, both the total carbon emission of crop production and the carbon emission per sowing area are higher in South than North China, with the highest emissions in East and central China and the greatest potential for emission mitigation. In the carbon emission from crop production, CH4 emission from rice fields accounts for the main part (50.3%) and is the focus of emission reduction. The annual carbon emission of crop production in China peaked in 2015, and then dropped down. It was mainly attributed to the decrease trend of rice sown area, agricultural nitrogen application rate, and diesel oil consumption. If the existing agricultural imports are not significantly affected, the carbon emissions in crop production have basically reached the peak. However, it is very difficult to achieve carbon neutrality in crop production if only by soil carbon sequestration of farmland, and it is necessary to consider both farmland emission reduction and carbon sequestration. On the premise of high and stable grain yield, the carbon neutrality of modern crop production should prioritize CH4 and N2O reduction, and fully exploit the integrated carbon sequestration potential of farmland ecosystems, such as straw utilization, combination of the use and protection of farmland, and construction of farmland forest network.

Key words: crop production, food security, climate change, carbon peak, carbon neutrality, carbon sequestration and mitigation

Table 1

Methane emission factors of different rice planting regions (kg hm-2)"

区域
Region		 单季稻 Single cropping rice 双季早稻 Double cropping early rice 双季晚稻 Double cropping late rice
推荐值
Recommended value		 最低值
Min.		 最高值
Max.		 推荐值
Recommended value		 最低值
Min.		 最高值
Max.		 推荐值
Recommended value		 最低值
Min.		 最高值
Max.
华北
North China		 234 134.4 341.9
华东
East China		 215.5 158.2 255.9 211.4 153.1 259.0 224.0 143.4 261.3
华中华南
Central & South China		 236.7 170.2 320.1 241.0 169.5 387.2 273.2 185.3 357.9
西南
Southwest China		 156.2 75.0 246.5 156.2 73.7 276.6 171.7 75.1 265.1
东北
Northeast China		 168.0 112.6 230.3
西北
Northwest China		 231.2 175.9 319.5

Table 2

Nitrous oxide emission factors of different crop planting regions (kg N2O-N kg-1 N input)"

省(市、区)
Province (municipality and autonomous region)		 N2O排放因子
N2O emission factor		 范围
Range
内蒙古, 新疆, 甘肃, 青海, 西藏, 陕西, 山西, 宁夏
Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia		 0.0056 0.0015-0.0085
黑龙江, 吉林, 辽宁
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning		 0.0114 0.0021-0.0258
北京, 天津, 河北, 河南, 山东
Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong		 0.0057 0.0014-0.0081
浙江, 上海, 江苏, 安徽, 江西, 湖南, 湖北, 四川, 重庆
Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing		 0.0109 0.0026-0.0220
广东, 广西, 海南, 福建
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian		 0.0178 0.0046-0.0228
云南, 贵州
Yunnan, Guizhou		 0.0106 0.0025-0.0218

Fig. 1

Regional characteristics of total carbon emissions of China’s crop production The above maps are from the National Geographic Information Resource Directory Service System (https://www.webmap.cn/). a: the total carbon emission of crop production (unit: 10,000 t CO2-eq); b: the carbon emission per crop sowing area (unit: t CO2-eq hm-2)."

Fig. 2

Contributions of methane emission in paddy field, nitrous oxide emission in farmland, and carbon dioxide emission from diesel oil to total carbon emissions of crop production"

Table 3

Contributions of carbon emissions in crop production to total agricultural carbon emission in different regions (%)"

地区
Region		 省(市、区)
Province (municipality and autonomous region)		 作物生产碳排放
Carbon emission
in crop production		 稻田CH4排放
CH4 emission
in paddy field		 农田N2O排放
N2O emission
in farmland		 柴油CO2排放
CO2 emission of
diesel oil
华北
North China		 北京Beijing 19.6 0.1 12.3 7.2
天津Tianjin 31.0 15.2 11.8 4.0
河北Hebei 39.4 1.8 14.1 23.5
山西Shanxi 23.5 0.1 13.3 10.2
内蒙古Inner Mongolia 14.7 2.4 6.4 5.9
东北
Northeast China		 辽宁Liaoning 43.2 12.4 20.4 10.4
吉林Jilin 50.4 17.5 23.6 9.3
黑龙江Heilongjiang 62.1 39.8 12.0 10.3
华东
East China		 上海Shanghai 72.3 35.6 13.4 23.3
江苏Jiangsu 80.5 42.9 26.7 10.9
浙江Zhejiang 85.5 27.3 15.5 42.7
安徽Anhui 77.6 48.3 21.9 7.4
福建Fujian 74.7 27.3 29.0 18.4
江西Jiangxi 69.3 59.7 6.9 2.7
山东Shandong 29.9 2.0 14.5 13.4
华中
Central China		 河南Henan 36.3 9.9 18.6 7.8
湖北Hubei 63.0 40.3 17.6 5.1
湖南Hunan 61.3 48.9 9.9 2.5
华南
South China		 广东Guangdong 72.3 38.5 25.6 8.2
广西Guangxi 58.6 33.0 21.3 4.3
海南Hainan 60.4 26.1 24.9 9.4
西南
Southwest China		 重庆Chongqing 49.2 23.2 20.6 5.4
四川Sichuan 30.2 15.6 11.8 2.8
贵州Guizhou 24.1 12.7 9.9 1.5
云南Yunnan 24.5 9.0 13.6 1.9
西藏Tibet 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.5
西北
Northwest China		 陕西Shaanxi 46.7 4.9 21.1 20.7
甘肃Gansu 12.0 0.1 5.3 6.6
青海Qinghai 1.7 0 0.6 1.1
宁夏Ningxia 26.7 8.0 8.1 10.6
新疆Xinjiang 21.9 1.7 10.4 9.8
全国China 45.5 22.9 14.7 7.9

Fig. 3

Regional differences in the compositions of carbon emissions of crop production in China The above maps are from the National Geographic Information Resource Directory Service System (https://www.webmap.cn/). a: CH4 emission in paddy field (unit: 10,000 t CO2-eq); b: N2O emission in farmland (unit: 10,000 t CO2-eq); c: CO2 emission from agricultural diesel oil (unit: 10,000 t CO2-eq)."

Fig. 4

Trends of total crop and rice sowing areas (a), nitrogen fertilizer application and diesel oil consumption (b), and provincial carbon emissions (c, d) Data in Figs. 4-a and 4-b are from the State Statistical Bureau (2020) and the above maps are from the National Geographic Information Resource Directory Service System (https://www.webmap.cn/). The nitrogen fertilizer consumption means the nitrogen consumption. c: the change of carbon emission in crop production from 2001 to 2015 (unit: 10,000 t CO2-eq per year); d: the change of carbon emission in crop production from 2015 to 2018 (unit: 10,000 t CO2-eq per year)."

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