连作秸秆还田下玉米氮素积累与氮肥替代效应研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13010

Abstract

Abstract:

Crop straw resources in Northeast China are rich, but burning and discarding are serious, and nutrient utilization rate is very low. We explored the feasibility of the substitution of straw returning to nitrogen fertilizer and its effects on nitrogen accumulation under continuous cropping in cold region. A frame culture and continuous positioning experiment was carried out in the experimental site of Northeast Agricultural University from 2017 to 2019, with ¹⁵N labeled urea. A three-factor split-plot design was adopted in this experiment, the main plot was straw returning method with no straw returning (S0) and straw returning (S1), and the sub-plot was nitrogen application levels with 0 (N0), 175 (N1), and 350 (N2) kg hm^-2. Two application methods were set for each fertilizer application amount, one ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing applied was 1:1, and the other ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing applied was 1:0. The results were as follows: When the straw returning amount was 12 t hm^-2, the returning straw could replace 36.8 kg hm^-2 pure nitrogen. The average amount of maize straw was 46.50 million tons in Heilongjiang Province from 2017 to 2019, and straw returning could replace 142,700 tons pure nitrogen. The replace amount of pure nitrogen in the ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing (1:1) was 26.88% higher than that in 1:0. Straw returning was negatively correlated with nitrogen use efficiency in maize. The average nitrogen use efficiency of maize in S0 treatment was 6.09% higher than S1 treatment, and the yield of S1 treatment was 4.66% higher than S0 treatment when the urea application amount was 350 kg hm^-2 (161 kg hm^-2 pure nitrogen). The highest yield of maize was 268.22 g frame^-1 in the treatment of straw returning and topdressing with commonly fertilizer applied in local agriculture. In conclusion, the nitrogen substitution effect was remarkable under maize straw returning in Northeast China. Long-term combined application of crop straw and nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved the biomass, yield, and nitrogen accumulation of maize, which was a cultivation mode for increasing yield and efficiency of maize in Northeast China.

Key words: maize, nitrogen fertilizer, straw returning, nitrogen replacement amount, nitrogen accumulation, structural equation model

YAN Yu-Ting, SONG Qiu-Lai, YAN Chao, LIU Shuang, ZHANG Yu-Hui, TIAN Jing-Fen, DENG Yu-Xuan, MA Chun-Mei. Nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen substitution effect of maize under straw returning with continuous cropping[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(4): 962-974.

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处理 Treatment		2017		2018		2019
处理 Treatment		茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain	茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain	茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain
N0	S1	187.58±8.61 a	201.65±3.20 a	146.56±2.13 a	202.20±5.97 a	136.85±6.56 a	193.23±5.77 a
N0	S0	178.97±1.63 a	192.70±5.75 a	148.52±3.23 a	193.53±8.50 a	142.97±6.12 a	187.46±7.41 a
N1	N1-1S1	247.27±3.00 a	236.45±0.32 a	162.84±0.37 a	224.52±2.32 a	159.76±2.40 a	223.20±2.34 a
	N1-1S0	220.08±2.63 b	220.40±1.11 b	155.84±0.68 b	215.74±2.61 b	157.36±0.14 a	201.77±2.39 c
	N1-0S1	226.23±6.15 b	226.91±6.51 b	163.17±0.47 a	214.36±1.50 b	152.46±2.55 b	213.29±3.27 b
	N1-0S0	213.53±1.85 c	215.98±0.47 c	165.99±3.15 a	213.13±1.48 b	149.91±3.58 b	198.53±3.24 c
N2	N2-1S1	266.40±3.52 a	247.94±1.04 a	181.43±1.56 a	244.11±0.17 a	178.32±1.77 a	249.55±4.78 a
	N2-1S0	253.01±1.08 b	237.49±2.71 b	163.52±2.25 b	229.04±1.95 b	165.72±4.78 b	225.08±3.24 c
	N2-0S1	251.93±1.22 b	234.78±0.29 b	183.68±4.10 a	232.07±3.03 b	165.63±2.04 b	233.95±1.51 b
	N2-0S0	239.70±4.71 c	227.56±1.44 c	179.58±2.23 a	220.91±1.18 c	160.94±1.52 b	217.64±0.99 d
秸秆还田S		**	**	ns	**	ns	**
施氮肥N		**	**	**	**	**	**
S×N		**	**	**	**	ns	**

处理 Treatment	基肥Base fertilizer			追肥尿素(¹⁵N标记) Topdressing CH₄¹⁵N₂O
处理 Treatment	重过磷酸钙 Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O	硫酸钾 K₂SO₄	尿素(¹⁵N标记) CH₄¹⁵N₂O	追肥尿素(¹⁵N标记) Topdressing CH₄¹⁵N₂O
N0	1.06	1.06	0	0
N1-1	1.06	1.06	0.62	0.62
N1-0	1.06	1.06	1.24	0
N2-1	1.06	1.06	1.24	1.24
N2-0	1.06	1.06	2.48	0

处理 Treatment		2017		2018		2019
处理 Treatment		茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain	茎秆 Stalk	籽粒Grain	茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain
N0	S1	7.40±0.20 a	14.41±0.76 a	8.11±0.19 a	13.93±0.49 a	6.10±0.08 a	12.91±0.28 a
N0	S0	7.20±0.01 a	13.65±0.03 a	7.92±0.30 a	13.44±0.11 a	6.02±0.30 a	12.63±0.12 a
N1	N1-1S1	9.71±0.05 a	16.93±0.20 a	9.22±0.07 a	16.81±0.20 a	8.81±0.20 a	15.72±0.10 a
	N1-1S0	9.42±0.07 b	16.04±0.12 b	8.71±0.01 c	15.92±0.08 b	8.17±0.03 b	15.04±0.13 c
	N1-0S1	8.83±0.50 c	15.92±0.11 b	9.02±0.03 b	16.04±0.10 b	8.70±0.12 a	15.31±0.01 b
	N1-0S0	8.33±0.35 c	15.02±0.31 c	9.03±0.01 b	15.43±0.03 c	8.61±0.14 a	14.72±0.03 d
N2	N2-1S1	11.13±0.04 a	18.92±0.07 a	9.72±0.03 a	17.72±0.02 a	9.80±0.20 a	16.81±0.11 a
	N2-1S0	9.44±0.08 b	17.74±0.02 b	9.42±0.09 b	16.95±0.38 b	9.60±0.13 a	15.31±0.05 c
	N2-0S1	9.45±0.01 b	17.03±0.21 c	9.33±0.06 b	16.57±0.22 b	9.20±0.05 b	15.71±0.11 b
	N2-0S0	9.22±0.02 c	16.02±0.11 d	9.14±0.03 c	16.05±0.02 c	8.90±0.01 c	14.54±0.01 d
秸秆还田S		**	ns	ns	*	ns	**
施氮肥N		**	**	**	**	**	**
S×N		ns	**	ns	ns	ns	**

处理 Treatment		2017		2018		2019
处理 Treatment		茎秆 Stalk	籽粒Grain	茎秆Stalk	籽粒 Grain	茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain
N0	S1	1.662±0.050 a	2.974±0.033 a	1.021±0.003 a	2.694±0.106 a	0.825±0.014 a	2.801±0.117 a
N0	S0	1.612±0.003 a	2.773±0.201 a	1.059±0.038 a	2.588±0.095 a	0.845±0.020 a	2.684±0.059 a
N1	N1-1S1	2.564±0.031 a	3.967±0.035 a	1.959±0.002 a	3.592±0.061 a	1.372±0.042 a	3.766±0.027 a
	N1-1S0	2.177±0.021 b	3.514±0.015 c	1.299±0.024 c	3.254±0.025 c	1.330±0.006 a	3.321±0.004 b
	N1-0S1	2.288±0.111 b	3.701±0.051 b	1.684±0.102 b	3.422±0.042 b	1.331±0.011 a	3.166±0.033 c
	N1-0S0	1.826±0.088 c	3.400±0.114 c	1.229±0.070 c	3.185±0.069 c	1.294±0.006 b	3.015±0.151 c
N2	N2-1S1	2.965±0.135 a	4.709±0.049 a	2.854±0.034 a	3.837±0.126 a	1.597±0.040 a	4.511±0.028 a
	N2-1S0	2.434±0.034 b	4.058±0.246 b	2.388±0.107 b	3.481±0.087 b	1.557±0.013 a	3.910±0.044 b
	N2-0S1	2.400±0.016 b	3.938±0.055 b	2.495±0.033 b	3.511±0.030 b	1.495±0.012 b	3.866±0.017 b
	N2-0S0	2.257±0.040 c	3.812±0.071 b	1.956±0.035 c	3.290±0.008 c	1.483±0.008 b	3.265±0.028 c
秸秆还田S		**	**	**	**	ns	**
施氮肥N		**	**	**	**	**	**
S×N		ns	**	ns	ns	**	**

处理 Treatment		2017		2018		2019
处理 Treatment		茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain	茎秆 Stalk	籽粒 Grain	茎秆Stalk	籽粒 Grain
N1	N1-1S1	0.489±0.001 b	0.467±0.001 b	0.515±0.005 b	0.498±0.002 b	0.563±0.010 b	0.565±0.001 b
	N1-1S0	0.503±0.001 a	0.456±0.002 c	0.557±0.003 a	0.535±0.002 a	0.632±0.026 a	0.578±0.001 a
	N1-0S1	0.454±0.001 c	0.476±0.002 a	0.466±0.002 c	0.440±0.002 d	0.531±0.005 c	0.536±0.008 c
	N1-0S0	0.502±0.002 a	0.466±0.002 b	0.506±0.004 b	0.471±0.003 c	0.566±0.017 b	0.544±0.001 c
N2	N2-1S1	0.596±0.003 a	0.580±0.002 a	0.656±0.001 c	0.633±0.001 b	0.761±0.007 b	0.742±0.008 b
	N2-1S0	0.600±0.004 a	0.579±0.001 a	0.712±0.002 a	0.691±0.003 a	0.818±0.065 a	0.834±0.014 a
	N2-0S1	0.552±0.001 c	0.535±0.001 b	0.595±0.008 d	0.536±0.002 d	0.653±0.028 c	0.658±0.012 c
	N2-0S0	0.582±0.004 b	0.521±0.001 c	0.671±0.001 b	0.595±0.003 c	0.799±0.024 a	0.752±0.010 b
秸秆还田S		**	**	**	**	**	**
施氮肥N		**	**	**	**	**	**
S×N		**	**	**	**	ns	**

Nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen substitution effect of maize under straw returning with continuous cropping

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处理 Treatment		氮肥利用率Nitrogen use efficiency
处理 Treatment		2017	2018	2019	平均Average
N1	N1-1S1	38.24±0.26 a	37.58±0.11 b	39.78±0.98 a	38.53
	N1-1S0	33.07±0.79 bc	39.29±0.30 a	41.71±0.84 a	38.02
	N1-0S1	34.22±0.39 b	22.54±0.39 d	34.47±1.20 b	30.41
	N1-0S0	32.41±0.45 c	29.99±0.74 c	36.43±0.72 b	32.94
N2	N2-1S1	39.14±0.40 a	41.48±0.51 a	41.68±0.83 a	40.77
	N2-1S0	38.61±0.76 a	42.73±0.79 a	43.72±1.60 a	41.69
	N2-0S1	30.94±0.47 b	28.35±0.54 c	35.08±0.86 b	31.46
	N2-0S0	31.46±0.44 b	35.20±0.53 b	37.07±1.24 b	34.58
秸秆还田S		**	**	ns
施氮肥N		**	**	**
S×N		**	**	**

处理 Treatment		产量Yield
处理 Treatment		2017	2018	2019	平均Average
N0	S1	244.37±0.24 a	235.11±2.29 a	240.57±1.30 a	240.02
N0	S0	224.10±2.13 b	225.03±1.74 b	220.70±2.18 b	223.28
N1	N1-1S1	274.94±0.97 a	240.90±1.62 b	283.85±0.20 a	266.56
	N1-1S0	256.28±1.52 c	231.52±3.18 c	264.00±1.10 c	250.60
	N1-0S1	267.33±1.40 b	251.88±2.60 a	269.84±2.20 b	263.02
	N1-0S0	252.30±0.77 d	234.92±2.26 bc	256.87±1.38 d	248.03
N2	N2-1S1	264.95±1.26 a	288.30±1.42 a	251.42±2.11 a	268.22
	N2-1S0	250.86±1.35 b	278.48±1.81 c	236.14±2.65 b	255.16
	N2-0S1	249.25±1.74 b	283.00±0.40 b	249.94±1.03 a	260.73
	N2-0S0	247.83±1.72 b	273.05±0.45 d	229.82±1.15 c	250.23
秸秆还田S		**	**	**
施氮肥N		**	**	**
S×N		**	**	ns