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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2625-2637.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13057

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Response of grain yield formation to planting density of maize varieties in different eras

WANG Li-Qing1(), YU Xiao-Fang1,2,*(), GAO Ju-Lin1,2,*(), MA Da-Ling1,2, HU Shu-Ping2,3, GUO Huai-Huai1, LIU Ai-Ye4   

  1. 1Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Genetic Improvement in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
    3Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Salaqi 014109, Inner Mongolia, China
    4Bureau of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Science and Technology of Urad Front Banner, Wulashan 014400, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2021-09-18 Accepted:2022-02-25 Online:2022-10-12 Published:2022-03-25
  • Contact: YU Xiao-Fang,GAO Ju-Lin E-mail:18447053543@163.com;yuxiaofang75@163.com;nmgaojulin@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Key Program of Action Plan to Revitalize Inner Mongolia through Science and Technology(KJXM2020001-06);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560360);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300804);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (Meize, CARS-02-50);Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop cultivation in North China Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(25204120)

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Abstract:

To clarify the difference of photosynthetic and grain-filling characteristics of maize varieties in different ages in response to increasing planting density, and to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable density and production of maize, in this study, five maize varieties planted in large areas during production from 1970s to 2010s in China were used as materials, two planting densities of 45,000 plants hm-2 and 105,000 plants hm-2 were set for three-year field experiment. The yield and its components, leaf photosynthetic performance, and grain filling characteristics of maize varieties in different years were compared and analyzed under different planting densities. The results showed that under low planting density, compared with varieties of 1970s-2000s, the SPAD value of ear-leaf after anthesis, Pn of ear-leaf at 50 d after anthesis, and the average grain filling rate of 2010s varieties (DH618) were significantly increased by 2.18-12.05, 0.57-4.88 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, and 0.02-0.09 g kernel-1 d-1. The active grain-filling period was significantly prolonged by 2.62-4.74 d, which significantly increasing grain weight and yield at P<0.05. After densification, the yield of varieties in 1970s and 1980s decreased, the yield of varieties in the 1990s did not change significantly, but the yield of varieties in 2000s and 2010s increased significantly and the largest increased in 2010s was 2.11 t hm-2. Further correlation analysis to the indicators of photosynthetic performance, filling characteristics, 100-grain weight, and yield, the results showed that 100-grain weight of 2010s varieties under high planting density was more dependent during active grain filling period (r = 0.70). Compared with 1970s to 2000s, the 2010s varieties kept relatively high SPAD at silking stage, milking stage, and maturity stage (increased by 6.42%-41.92%), delayed leaf senescence and maintained high LAD in maize leaves after anthesis and Pn in 30-50 d after anthesis (increased by 1.09%-88.95%). Therefore, more photosynthates were accumulated, which prolonged the active grain filling period by 8.73% to 15.80% and the average filling rate increased by 3.39% to 24.33%, and then maintained a relatively stable 100-grain weight.

Key words: maize, varieties of different eras, planting density, grain filling characteristics, canopy configuration

Table 1

Soil basic productivity in the test area"

年份
Year		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline N (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Alkaline K
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Alkaline P
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 pH
2018 1.48 78.18 155.19 17.06 19.63 7.95
2019 1.31 79.31 144.00 18.45 17.74 8.50
2020 1.54 74.89 136.28 21.32 17.83 8.36

Fig. 1

Main meteorological factors during the growth period in the experimental area"

Table 2

Analysis of variance of maize LAI"

变异来源
Sources of variations		 大喇叭口期
12-leave stage		 吐丝期
Silking stage		 乳熟期
Milking stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year 82.68** 23.63** 168.48** 547.47**
密度Density (D) 8036.83** 8320.00** 25,462.73** 2425.42**
品种Variety (V) 91.80** 61.31** 36.47** 683.29**
密度×品种D×V 9.25** 11.31** 24.20** 114.77**
误差均方Error MS 0.004 0.008 0.002 0.001

Fig. 2

Effects of planting density on LAI of maize varieties in different eras LAI: leaf area index. V12: the 12 leaves stage; R1: the silking stage; R3: the milking stage; R6: the maturity stage. D1: the 45,000 plants hm-2; D2: the 105,000 plants hm-2. ZD2: Zhongdan 2; DY13: Danyu 13; YD13: Yedan 13; XY335: Xianyu 335; DH618: Denghai 618."

Table 3

Variance of maize LAD"

变异来源
Sources of variation		 花前
Post anthesis stage		 花后
After anthesis stage
年份Years 174.50** 1315.52**
密度Density (D) 1077.98** 1077.98**
品种Varieties (V) 157.61** 157.61**
密度×品种D×V 14.04** 14.04**
误差均方Error MS 0.198 0.198

Fig. 3

Effects of planting density on LAD of maize varieties in different eras Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 4

Variance analysis of SPAD of maize ear position leaf"

变异来源
Sources of
variation		 吐丝期
Silking
stage		 乳熟期
Milking stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year 6.41** 162.59** 164.41**
密度Density (D) 255.37** 545.08** 1604.17**
品种Variety (V) 32.25** 87.81** 328.07**
密度×品种D×V 2.31 5.87** 2.01
误差均方Error MS 0.918 1.182 0.0503

Fig. 4

Effects of planting density on the SPAD of ear position and leaf of maize varieties in different eras Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 5

Variance analysis of Pn of maize ear position leaf"

变异来源
Sources of variation		 吐丝期
Silking stage		 吐丝后10 d
10 days after anthesis		 吐丝后30 d
30 days after anthesis		 吐丝后50 d
50 days after anthesis		 吐丝后65 d
65 days after anthesis
年份Year 2022.76** 275.50** 120.20** 136.93** 5.34*
密度Density (D) 1191.46** 1519.13** 3210.76** 8031.43** 35,150.95**
品种Variety (V) 31.15** 78.22** 160.17** 511.91** 335.89**
密度×品种D×V 10.12** 16.53** 3.52* 12.83** 93.47**
误差均方Error MS 0.198 0.208 0.114 0.050 0.014

Fig. 5

Effects of planting density on the Pn of ear position and leaf of maize varieties in different eras Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 6

Effects of planting density on grain filling characteristics of maize varieties in different eras"

密度
Density		 品种
Variety		 2018 2019 2020
Gmean
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 D
(d)		 Gmean
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 D
(d)		 Gmean
(g kernel-1 d-1)		 D
(d)
D1 中单2号ZD2 0.68 50.92 0.56 60.24 0.60 50.84
丹玉13 DY13 0.68 50.63 0.57 61.16 0.59 51.94
掖单13 YD13 0.64 50.47 0.56 59.86 0.57 49.98
先玉335 XY335 0.72 52.98 0.60 62.31 0.67 53.09
登海618 DH618 0.73 55.29 0.64 63.82 0.68 57.12
D2 中单2号ZD2 0.55 49.06 0.51 50.60 0.55 45.58
丹玉13 DY13 0.58 47.69 0.51 52.44 0.52 49.79
掖单13 YD13 0.55 49.33 0.48 59.10 0.54 49.22
先玉335 XY335 0.61 54.26 0.50 63.61 0.56 56.78
登海618 DH618 0.65 57.80 0.54 64.78 0.62 58.00

Table 7

Analysis of variance of maize yield and its constituent factors"

变异来源
Sources of variation		 产量
Yield		 有效穗数
Harvested number		 穗粒数
Number of grains per panicle		 百粒重
100-grain weight
年份Year 7.83** 36.39** 1.01 237.49**
密度Density (D) 0.22 8680.29** 1643.75** 1840.78**
品种Variety (V) 312.81** 44.51** 73.62** 513.04**
密度×品种D×V 43.53** 26.09** 20.55** 21.68**
误差均方Error MS 0.057 0.019 91.696 0.164

Fig. 6

Influence of planting density on the yield of maize varieties and their constituent factors in different eras Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 7

Correlation analysis between 100-grain weight, yield, and grain filling characteristics Gmean: average grouting rate; D: active grouting duration; the other abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01."

Table 8

Correlation analysis between grouting characteristics and canopy indexes"

指标
Index		 生育阶段
Growth stage		 灌浆特性参数Grouting characteristic parameters
平均灌浆速率Gmean 活跃灌浆持续时间D
叶面积指数
Leaf area index		 大喇叭口期 12 leaves stage -0.748** -0.245
吐丝期Silking stage -0.780** -0.264
乳熟期Milking stage -0.705** -0.138
成熟期Maturity stage -0.346 0.125
叶绿素相对含量
Soil and plant analyzer development		 吐丝期Silking stage 0.732** 0.544*
乳熟期Milking stage 0.793** 0.540*
成熟期Maturity stage 0.754** 0.605**
光合势
Leaf area duration		 花前Post anthesis stage 0.029 0.117
花后After anthesis stage 0.566** 0.250
净光合速率Pn 吐丝期Silking stage 0.764** -0.330
花后10 d 10 days after anthesis 0.824** 0.136
花后30 d 30 days after anthesis 0.665** 0.537*
花后50 d 50 days after anthesis 0.707** 0.487*
花后65 d 65 days after anthesis 0.730** 0.330
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