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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2638-2653.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13053

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of planting methods and nitrogen application on forage crop yield, quality and water use in arid area of northwest China

WEI Zheng-Ye(), ZHANG Hai-Xing, SHI Wei, CHANG Sheng-Hua, ZHANG Cheng, JIA Qian-Min(), HOU Fu-Jiang   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems / Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education / College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
  • Received:2021-09-08 Accepted:2022-02-25 Online:2022-10-12 Published:2022-03-31
  • Contact: JIA Qian-Min E-mail:weizhy20@lzu.edu.cn;guqm@lzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901389);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2019-33);Scientific Research Start-up Cost of Team Construction Funds of “Double First-Rate” Guiding Project of Lanzhou University(561119204)

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Abstract:

Intercropping and nitrogen application are important measures to improve the yield and quality of forage crops. However, the suitable nitrogen application rate of silage corn/legume intercropping system in the arid area of Northwest China is not clear. Three planting methods of silage corn/Dolichos lablab intercropping (SL), silage corn/fodder soybean intercropping (SF), and silage corn monoculture (S) were conducted in this experiment. Four nitrogen application levels of 0 kg hm-2 (N1), 120 kg hm-2 (N2), 240 kg hm-2 (N3), and 360 kg hm-2 (N4) were set under each planting mode. To explore the suitable jade bean intercropping combination and nitrogen application rate in the arid area of Northwest China, the effects of planting methods and nitrogen application levels on forage crop yield, quality and water use were analyzed. The results showed that compared with S treatment, the hay yield of SL treatment increased significantly by 8.94% and 8.68% in 2019 and 2020, and the water use efficiency increased significantly by 12.28% and 8.90%, respectively. Compared with monoculture, intercropping significantly increased the contents of crude protein and crude ash, and significantly reduced the contents of starch and neutral detergent fiber. Compared with no nitrogen application, nitrogen application significantly increased hay yield, crude protein, starch, and crude fat content, significantly reduced neutral and acid detergent fiber content, but there was no significant effect on crude ash content. Compared with N1, the hay yields of N2, N3, and N4 increased significantly by 30.30%, 56.19%, and 53.95% in 2019 and 22.02%, 60.54%, and 51.83% in 2020, respectively. WUE of N3 and N4 was significantly higher than that of N1 and N2, but there was no significant difference between N3 and N4. Among all treatments, SL-N3 obtained the highest two-year average hay yield (33.10 t hm-2), crude protein content (10.01%), and WUE (62.50 kg hm-2 mm-1). To sum up, SL-N3 is a management model suitable for silage corn production in arid areas of northwest China.

Key words: nitrogen application, silage corn, leguminous crops, yield, nutritional quality

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of precipitation and temperature of Linze test station"

Table 1

Plant height, stem diameter, and relative chlorophyll content of forage crops under different treatments in 2020"

种植方式Planting mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen level		 玉米株高
Plant height of corn (cm)		 玉米相对
叶绿素含量
SPAD of corn		 玉米茎粗
Stem diameter of corn (mm)		 豆科作物株高
Plant height of legume (cm)		 豆科作物
相对叶绿素含量
SPAD of legume
青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作
SL		 N1 199.99 bc 36.70 d 21.96 c 145.45 bc 39.80 b
N2 226.09 ab 38.95 cd 23.01 bc 159.29 b 40.69 b
N3 206.73 bc 41.25 bc 24.01 bc 150.29 b 42.40 b
N4 237.20 a 50.10 a 23.00 bc 199.52 a 47.50 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆间作
SF		 N1 191.72 c 32.75 e 24.77 abc 116.33 d 12.50 c
N2 234.42 ab 34.85 de 26.23 ab 124.67 d 13.77 c
N3 209.90 bc 43.10 bc 26.77 ab 131.67 cd 16.50 c
N4 201.59 bc 47.20 ab 23.46 bc 119.67 d 13.03 c
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 206.17 bc 31.90 e 21.47 c
N2 234.77 ab 33.55 e 22.79 bc
N3 215.87 ab 35.15 d 24.02 bc
N4 242.21 a 46.30 ab 28.06 a
平均值
Average		 SL 217.50 AB 41.75 A 23.00 B 163.64 A 42.60 A
SF 209.41 B 39.48 A 25.31 A 123.08 B 13.95 B
S 224.75 A 36.73 B 24.09 AB
N1 199.29 C 33.78 C 22.73 B 87.26 B 17.43 B
N2 231.76 A 35.78 C 24.01 AB 94.65 B 18.15 AB
N3 210.83 BC 39.83 B 24.93 A 93.99 B 19.63 A
N4 227.00 AB 47.87 A 24.84 A 106.40 A 20.18 A
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P * ** ** ** **
N ** ** ** ** **
P×N ns ns ** ** **

Fig. 2

Hay yield of forage crops under different treatments SL, SF, and S represent silage corn Dolichos lablab intercropping, silage corn hay bean intercropping, and silage corn monoculture respectively. N0, N1, N2, and N3 represent four nitrogen application levels 0, 120, 240, and 360 kg hm-2. P, N, and P × N represents the interaction between planting method, nitrogen application level and planting method and nitrogen application level. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; ns: not significant at P > 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments at P < 0.05; different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between different levels at P < 0.05."

Table 2

Contents of crude protein, starch, and crude fat of forage crops under different treatments"

种植方式
Planting mode		 施氮水平
Nitrogen
application level		 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) 淀粉Starch (%) 粗脂肪Crude fat (%)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作
SL		 N1 7.63±0.14 de 7.30±0.37 e 32.86±0.60 b 29.74±1.32 b 2.20±0.05 de 2.88±0.13 cd
N2 8.66±0.34 bcd 8.55±0.38 c 33.71±1.77 ab 31.20±1.46 b 2.54±0.15 abc 2.97±0.11 bc
N3 9.91±0.47 a 10.10±0.01 a 34.68±1.94 ab 32.54±0.86 b 2.76±0.15 ab 3.25±0.04 ab
N4 10.09±0.65 a 9.72±0.21 ab 34.09±2.94 ab 32.47±0.55 b 2.84±0.21 a 3.27±0.10 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆间作
SF		 N1 7.43±0.41 ef 7.13±0.24 e 33.21±2.23 ab 29.74±1.34 b 2.12±0.14 de 3.03±0.14 abc
N2 8.19±0.34 cde 8.58±0.16 c 35.34±2.20 ab 30.04±1.42 b 2.37±0.12 bcd 3.02±0.08 abc
N3 9.06±0.42 abc 9.56±0.18 ab 35.96±2.07 ab 32.25±0.38 b 2.71±0.19 ab 3.14±0.08 abc
N4 9.52±0.33 ab 9.30±0.11 b 34.40±1.99 ab 32.64±1.30 b 2.87±0.17 a 3.30±0.10 a
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 6.36±0.37 f 6.06±0.13 f 36.98±3.06 ab 30.60±0.83 b 2.01±0.15 e 2.69±0.03 d
N2 7.32±0.46 ef 7.17±0.30 e 37.07±2.02 ab 31.54±1.84 b 2.49±0.18 abc 2.92±0.11 cd
N3 8.12±0.65 cde 8.06±0.20 cd 39.56±2.87 a 37.09±1.71 a 2.81±0.20 a 3.03±0.08 abc
N4 8.48±0.41 bcde 7.72±0.44 de 37.11±2.25 ab 38.34±2.45 a 2.93±0.16 a 3.09±0.16 abc
平均值
Average		 SL 9.07±1.11 A 8.92±1.17 A 33.83±1.84 B 31.49±1.52 B 2.59±0.29 A 3.09±0.20 A
SF 8.55±0.90 B 8.64±1.00 B 34.72±2.11 B 31.17±1.69 B 2.52±0.33 A 3.12±0.15 A
S 7.57±0.95 C 7.25±0.83 C 37.68±2.48 A 34.40±3.84 A 2.56±0.40 A 2.93±0.18 B
N1 7.14±0.65 C 6.83±0.62 D 34.35±2.76 A 30.03±1.12 B 2.11±0.14 C 2.87±0.18 B
N2 8.06±0.68 B 8.10±0.74 C 35.37±2.27 A 30.93±1.53 B 2.47±0.15 B 2.97±0.10 B
N3 9.03±0.90 A 9.24±0.93 A 36.73±2.98 A 33.96±2.54 A 2.76±0.16 A 3.14±0.11 A
N4 9.36±0.82 A 8.91±0.95 B 35.20±2.55 A 34.49±3.22 A 2.88±0.16 A 3.22±0.15 A
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P ** ** ** ** ns **
N ** ** ns ** ** **
P×N ns ns ns * ns ns

Table 3

Contents of crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of forage crops under different treatments"

种植方式
Planting
mode		 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 粗灰分
Crude ash (%)		 中性洗涤纤维
Neutral detergent fiber (%)		 酸性洗涤纤维
Acid detergent fiber (%)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作
SL		 N1 4.54±0.12 ab 5.02±0.42 a 41.27±1.87 ab 43.76±4.13 ab 26.21±1.05 a 28.15±2.92 a
N2 4.58±0.24 ab 4.98±0.34 a 39.70±2.37 ab 41.89±2.27 abc 26.05±1.69 a 25.62±1.61 abc
N3 4.74±0.30 a 5.04±0.04 a 36.77±1.59 ab 38.50±1.05 bc 23.66±1.37 ab 22.57±0.59 cd
N4 4.55±0.35 ab 4.86±0.25 a 36.01±1.63 b 36.86±0.46 c 22.93±1.01 ab 21.51±0.39 d
青贮玉米-秣食豆间作
SF		 N1 4.28±0.28 abc 5.00±0.26 a 41.97±3.44 ab 43.24±3.66 ab 26.67±1.95 a 27.59±2.36 ab
N2 4.57±0.22 ab 4.89±0.11 a 40.33±2.72 ab 41.12±1.86 abc 26.61±1.52 a 25.48±1.17 abc
N3 4.55±0.27 ab 5.03±0.18 a 37.83±2.31 ab 39.85±1.21 bc 24.46±1.69 ab 23.49±0.74 cd
N4 4.59±0.27 ab 4.72±0.09 a 37.35±1.36 ab 38.68±0.18 bc 23.38±1.14 ab 22.04±0.01 cd
青贮玉米单作S N1 3.70±0.19 c 4.53±0.08 a 43.27±3.35 a 46.06±1.33 a 26.20±1.55 a 27.07±0.83 ab
N2 3.86±0.23 bc 4.59±0.14 a 41.74±2.27 ab 44.23±1.05 ab 25.53±1.48 ab 24.61±0.47 abcd
N3 4.13±0.30 abc 4.61±0.01 a 39.83±2.29 ab 42.20±1.36 abc 23.19±1.45 ab 24.22±0.26 bcd
N4 4.06±0.20 abc 4.50±0.19 a 37.64±1.27 ab 39.58±1.62 bc 21.92±0.93 b 21.97±0.54 cd
平均值
Average		 SL 4.60±0.24 A 4.97±0.26 A 38.44±2.76 A 40.25±3.51 B 24.71±1.87 A 24.46±3.09 A
SF 4.49±0.26 A 4.91±0.20 A 39.37±2.94 A 40.72±2.54 B 25.28±2.01 A 24.65±2.48 A
M 3.94±0.27 B 4.56±0.11 B 40.62±3.01 A 43.02±2.77 A 24.21±2.15 A 24.47±1.95 A
N1 4.17±0.42 A 4.85±0.35 A 42.17±2.72 A 44.35±3.12 A 26.36±1.37 A 27.60±1.98 A
N2 4.34±0.41 A 4.82±0.26 A 40.59±2.31 AB 42.41±2.10 AB 26.06±1.43 A 25.24±1.13 B
N3 4.47±0.37 A 4.89±0.23 A 38.14±2.26 BC 40.18±1.93 BC 23.77±1.42 B 23.43±0.87 C
N4 4.40±0.35 A 4.69±0.22 A 37.00±1.45 C 38.37±1.47 C 22.75±1.10 B 21.84±0.42 D
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P ** ** ns ** ns ns
N ns ns ** ** ** **
P×N ns ns ns ns ns ns

Fig. 3

Relative feeding value of forage crops under different treatments Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 2. **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; ns: not significant at P > 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments at P < 0.05; different uppercase letters indicate significant difference at P < 0.05."

Table 4

Soil water storage under different treatments"

种植方式Intercropping mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 播种前Before sowing (mm) 收获期Harvest period (mm)
2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆
间作
SL		 N1 367.57±16.38 a 354.10±11.18 a 352.78±17.80 a 382.34±9.08 a
N2 361.47±19.73 a 339.31±15.40 a 328.73±16.25 ab 362.52±6.08 a
N3 359.90±24.87 a 329.57±18.22 a 308.90±16.48 ab 369.97±7.00 a
N4 358.82±26.26 a 334.92±20.61 a 307.20±16.60 ab 386.20±9.80 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆
间作
SF		 N1 368.92±19.33 a 353.30±22.41 a 353.97±23.82 a 371.20±23.81 a
N2 369.82±21.82 a 347.79±23.72 a 346.40±20.51 ab 361.32±4.94 a
N3 367.30±22.04 a 330.05±24.09 a 312.45±17.41 ab 358.18±1.98 a
N4 373.57±25.27 a 348.62±25.50 a 310.74±16.13 ab 378.09±1.99 a
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 368.92±25.34 a 349.18±17.45 a 341.23±18.90 ab 381.20±20.65 a
N2 369.82±28.09 a 341.51±25.56 a 319.66±17.34 ab 375.59±3.60 a
N3 368.98±28.62 a 327.55±20.67 a 303.18±20.26 ab 368.61±4.48 a
N4 372.05±19.39 a 343.58±20.40 a 296.25±19.47 b 376.65±9.51 a
平均值
Average		 SL 361.94±19.23 A 339.47±17.15 A 324.40±24.00 A 375.26±12.09 A
SF 369.90±19.10 A 344.94±22.42 A 330.89±26.39 A 367.20±13.32 A
S 369.94±21.89 A 340.45±19.92 A 315.08±24.31 A 375.51±11.05 A
N1 368.47±17.93 A 352.19±15.43 A 349.33±18.64 A 378.25±17.24 AB
N2 367.03±20.76 A 342.87±19.44 A 331.60±19.62 A 366.48±8.10 B
N3 365.40±22.32 A 329.06±18.34 A 308.18±16.21 B 365.59±7.03 B
N4 368.15±21.81 A 342.37±20.22 A 304.73±16.48 B 380.31±8.22 A
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P ns ns ns ns
N ns ns ** **
P×N ns ns ns ns

Table 5

Soil evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) under different treatments"

种植方式Intercropping mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 土壤蒸散量ET (mm) 水分利用效率WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆
间作
SL		 N1 553.89±17.45 a 496.10±11.95 a 40.28±1.62 cd 40.16±1.07 de
N2 571.83±37.35 a 494.18±25.51 a 49.97±3.09 ab 48.59±2.40 cd
N3 590.10±28.06 a 477.00±25.21 a 57.82±4.05 a 67.23±4.12 a
N4 590.71±38.14 a 466.12±34.60 a 55.99±3.19 a 65.81±4.75 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆
间作
SF		 N1 554.06±24.36 a 499.50±33.93 a 37.13±2.16 cd 38.35±2.10 e
N2 562.51±28.71 a 503.87±18.42 a 49.36±2.51 ab 46.52±2.81 de
N3 593.96±36.26 a 489.28±34.42 a 56.25±3.29 a 64.54±4.62 ab
N4 601.93±43.02 a 487.93±37.69 a 55.11±3.57 a 61.15±3.89 ab
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 566.79±28.15 a 485.38±11.30 a 35.79±2.11 d 38.56±2.58 e
N2 589.26±38.78 a 483.32±29.86 a 44.07±3.24 bc 47.72±3.57 cd
N3 604.90±47.31 a 476.33±32.07 a 51.48±3.81 ab 61.17±4.03 ab
N4 614.90±39.55 a 484.34±30.80 a 50.42±3.30 ab 56.23±3.01 bc
种植方式Intercropping mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 土壤蒸散量ET (mm) 水分利用效率WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
2019 2020 2019 2020
平均值
Average		 SL 576.64±31.10 A 483.35±25.41 A 51.02±7.62 A 55.45±12.34 A
SF 578.12±35.79 A 495.14±28.18 A 49.46±8.31 A 52.64±11.54 AB
S 593.96±38.32 A 482.34±23.63 A 45.44±7.07 B 50.92±9.43 B
N1 558.25±21.53 B 493.66±19.90 A 37.73±2.63 C 39.02±1.95 C
N2 574.54±32.70 AB 493.79±23.44 A 47.80±3.81 B 47.61±2.72 B
N3 596.32±33.60 AB 480.87±27.42 A 55.18±4.31 A 64.31±4.53 A
N4 602.52±36.43 A 479.46±31.53 A 53.84±3.90 A 61.06±5.38 A
因素显著性
Significance of ANOVA		 P ns ns ** *
N * ns ** **
P×N ns ns ns ns

Fig. 4

Relationship between hay yield and nitrogen application rat Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 5

Relationship between crude protein content and nitrogen application rate Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 6

Relationship between water use efficiency and nitrogen application rate Treatment are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

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