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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (10): 2766-2776.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34004

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Response of sorghum grain yield and quality to nitrogen application in different ecozones

LIU Qiu-Xia(), DONG Er-Wei, HAUNG Xiao-Lei, WANG Jin-Song, WANG Yuan, JIAO Xiao-Yan()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2023-01-05 Accepted:2023-04-17 Online:2023-10-12 Published:2023-04-24
  • Contact: E-mail: xiaoyan_jiao@126.com
  • Supported by:
    State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation)(202001-8);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-A20);Special Research Project of Shanxi Agriculture University(2020xshf18)

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Abstract:

Identifying the response of sorghum grain yield and quality to nitrogen application in different ecozones can enhance the understanding of the yield formation process, help improve sorghum productivity, and promote the development of the sorghum industry. This experiment was conducted in Shuozhou and Jinzhong of Shanxi province in 2020 and 2021 in the field. Both no nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizer application were included, with 11 sorghum varieties in each nitrogen application plot. The dry matter and nitrogen accumulation both at heading and harvest stages, grain yield and its components, and grain quality were investigated. The relationships between grain yield and biomass at heading and harvest stages were also studied, respectively. Results showed that the average sorghum grain yield in Shuozhuo was greater than that in Jinzhong, except for the no nitrogen treatment in 2021 (i.e. no nitrogen applied for two consecutive years). Compared with the yield in Jinzhong experimental sites, grain yield in Shuozhou increased by 8.6%-26.7% when nitrogen was applied in 2020 and 2021, and 13.8% without nitrogen application in 2020, respectively. Nitrogen application decreased 1000-grain weight but improved significantly grains per particle. Grains per particle exerted great influence on grain yield, and contributed 97% to the yield variation. The grains per particle in Shuozhou was higher than in Jinzhong for the same nitrogen treatment. For both experimental sites, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at heading stage occupied 51.93% and 68.86% of that at harvest stage, respectively. Substrate accumulation at heading stage had significant quadratic regression relationships with sorghum grain yield. This suggested that it was important to improve dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at heading stage for higher sorghum grain yield. Meanwhile, when nitrogen was withdrawn, the grain yield was more closely correlated with dry matter accumulation after heading stage. Compared with Jinzhong experimental site, the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at heading stage increased by 40.17%-61.47% and 15.72%-47.03% in Shuozhou, respectively. But the regression relationships between their accumulations, from heading to mature stage, and grain yield of Shuozhou were relative low. The enhanced grain yield in Shuozhou, compared with that in Jinzhong, was closely correlated with the improved accumulations of dry matter and nitrogen at heading stage. The contents of both starch and tannin were also higher in Shuozhou, and protein was lower relative to Jinzhong, except for the treatment of no nitrogen applied for two consecutive years. The large daily temperature difference of Shuozhou might accountfor its promoted yield and quality. The variation in terms of grain yield and quality between two ecozones was resulted from difference diurnal temperature range. Obviously, sorghum grain yield in high latitude and cold area (Shuozhou) was higher than that in warm sub-humid area (Jinzhong). Promoted dry matter and nitrogen accumulation before heading was crucial to achieve high sorghum yield. The larger temperature difference between day and night in high latitude and cold area was conducive to substrate accumulation before heading and improve grain yield.

Key words: sorghum, ecological zone, yield, dry matter, nitrogen accumulation

Fig. 1

Daily precipitation, temperature, and diurnal temperature range during planting period in sorghum A-D represent precipitation, daily maximum temperature, daily average temperature, and daily minimum temperature of Shuozhou and Jinzhong in 2020 and 2021, respectively. E and F represent diurnal temperature range of Shuozhou (dark frame) and Jinzhong (light grey frame) in 2020 and 2021, respectively."

Table 1

Soil physical and chemical properties of 0-20 cm at different experimental sites"

试验点
Experimental site		 土壤
Soil		 土壤质地
Soil texture		 EC
(μS cm-1)		 pH 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 有机质
Soil
organic matter
(g kg-1)		 有效磷
Soil available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Soil
available K
(mg kg-1)		 0-20 cm硝态氮
NO3-N of 0-20 cm
(mg kg-1)		 20-40 cm硝态氮
NO3-N of 20-40 cm
(mg kg-1)
朔州
Shuozhou		 2020基础土壤
2020 Basic soil		 沙壤土
Sandy loam		 138.96 8.30 0.53 11.37 6.88 86.79 11.25 12.72
2021不施氮土壤
2021 -N soil		 0.56 10.20 7.40 71.19 6.30 5.98
2021施氮土壤
2021 +N soil		 0.68 11.40 7.34 87.88 8.14 8.53
晋中
Jinzhong		 2020基础土壤
2020 Basic soil		 粉沙质壤土
Silty sandy loam		 203.86 8.59 0.91 17.48 9.38 118.63 17.86 8.08
2021不施氮土壤
2021 -N soil		 0.98 17.45 9.27 115.04 12.06 7.43
2021施氮土壤
2021 +N soil		 0.97 19.69 9.25 119.88 15.20 10.14

Fig. 2

Effects of different ecozones and nitrogen fertilizer application on grain yield, harvest index, and yield components A-D represent yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, and grain per panicle of different treatments, respectively. E: the relative importance of yield components to the grain yield. F: yield comparison of Shuozhou and Jinzhong. Different lowercase letters represent significant difference at P < 0.05 at different experimental sites of different treatments in the same year."

Table 2

ANOVA analysis of yield, yield components, dry matter accumulation, N accumulation, and grain quality"

变异来源
Source of variation		 产量
Yield		 千粒重
1000-grainweight		 穗粒数
Grain per panicle		 抽穗期干物质量
Dry matter at heading		 抽穗后干物质量
Dry matter after heading stage		 收获期生物量
Dry matter at harvest		 抽穗期氮素积量
N accumulation at heading		 抽穗后氮素积量
N accumulation after heading		 收获期氮素积量
N accumulation at harvest		 淀粉含量Starch content 蛋白质含量Protein content 单宁含量Tannin content
生态区Ecological zone (E) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ns ** **
氮Nitrogen (N) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ns
年际Year (Y) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ns ns
品种Variety (V) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
生态区×氮E×N ** ns * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** *
生态区×年际E×Y ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
生态区×品种E×V ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮×年际N×Y ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ns
氮×品种N×V ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
年际×品种Y×V ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
生态区×氮×年际E×N×Y ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ns
生态区×氮×品种E×N×V ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * *
生态区×年际×品种E×Y×V ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮×年际×品种N×Y×V ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ns
生态区×氮×年际×品种E×N×Y×V ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** *

Fig. 3

Effects of different ecozones and nitrogen fertilizer application on sorghum dry matter accumulation and N accumulation at heading and harvest stages Different lowercase letters represent significant difference at P < 0.05 at different experimental sites of different treatments in the same year."

Fig. 4

Comparison of sorghum dry matter accumulation and N accumulation before and after heading stage between Shuozhou and Jinzhong"

Fig. 5

Relationships between the dry matter and N accumulation and sorghum grain yield before and after heading stage"

Fig. 6

Effects of different ecozones and nitrogen fertilizer application on sorghum grain content of starch, protein, and tannin Different lowercase letters represent significant difference at P < 0.05 at different experimental sites of different treatments in the same year."

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