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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (02): 245-259.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00245

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水稻穗上不同粒位籽粒胚乳结构及其结实期灌溉方式对它的调控作用

袁莉民, 展明飞, 章星传, 王志琴, 杨建昌*()   

  1. 扬州大学农学院 / 江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点 / 江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州225009;
  • 收稿日期:2017-08-15 接受日期:2017-11-21 出版日期:2018-02-12 网络出版日期:2017-12-20
  • 通讯作者: 杨建昌
  • 作者简介:

    lmyuan@yzu.edu.cn

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31471438, 31461143015), 国家科技支撑计划项目(2014AA10A605), 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300206-4), 江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)和扬州大学高端人才支持计划项目(2015-1)资助

Endosperm Structure of Grains at Different Positions of Rice Panicle and Regulation Effect of Irrigation Regimes on It during Grain Filling

Li-Min YUAN, Ming-Fei ZHAN, Xing-Chuan ZHANG, Zhi-Qin WANG, Jian-Chang YANG*()   

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China;
  • Received:2017-08-15 Accepted:2017-11-21 Published:2018-02-12 Published online:2017-12-20
  • Contact: Jian-Chang YANG
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471438, 31461143015), the National Key Technology Support Program of China (2014AA10A605), the National Key Research and Development Support Program of China (2016YFD0300206-4), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and the Top Talent Supporting program of Yangzhou University (2015-01).

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摘要：

为探明水稻穗上不同粒位胚乳结构形成特征及结实期灌溉方式对它的调控作用, 本研究以籼稻扬稻6号和粳稻武运粳24为材料, 运用扫描电镜观察了穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构的形成动态。自抽穗至成熟设置保持浅水层(CK)、轻干-湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干-湿交替灌溉(WSD) 3种灌溉方式, 观察了干湿交替灌溉方式对水稻产量和籽粒胚乳结构的影响。结果表明, 灌浆过程中稻米胚乳结构的形态建成顺序是, 上部穗籽粒早于中部穗籽粒更早于下部穗籽粒, 一次枝梗籽粒早于二次枝梗籽粒, 穗上早开花的籽粒早于迟开花的籽粒。与CK相比, 结实期WMD可以明显提高水稻产量; 其穗下部籽粒胚乳的淀粉体排列更紧密, 籽粒背部淀粉粒嵌挤甚至粘连。在WSD下, 稻米胚乳淀粉体排列疏松, 体积减小, 粒径差异增大, 相互间隙增大。灌溉方式对胚乳结构的影响, 因粒位而异, 以下部穗二次枝梗籽粒的腹部最为显著。表明水稻穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构形成与花后天数有密切关系; 结实期WMD可以改进穗下部籽粒胚乳结构, WSD则会使胚乳结构变差。灌浆期土壤水势-20 kPa 可作为改善稻米胚乳淀粉结构的节水灌溉低限指标。

关键词: 水稻, 粒位, 胚乳结构, 淀粉粒, 灌溉方式

Abstract:

In this study, an indica cultivar Yangdao 6 and a japonica cultivar Wuyunjing 24 were used to observe the changes in endosperm structure of grains at different positions of panicle with scanning electron microscope. Three irrigation treatments, namely shallow water layer (CK), alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD), and alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD), were designed to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on grain yield and grain endosperm structure. The endosperm structure formation in grains was earlier at the upper part of panicle than at the mid part of panicle, and earlier than at the lower part of panicle; the formation was earlier on a primary branch than on a secondary branch, and earlier in superior grains than in inferior grains. Compared with CK, WMD significantly increased grain yield. The starch granule in endosperm of grains at the lower part of panicle showed more compact arrangement, and that in the back part of grains was more crowded and even more adhered each other under WMD than under CK. Under WSD, the endosperm structure in grains showed that the starch granule arrangement was looser, the granule volume was decreased, and the differences in granule size and the gap between granules were increased, relative to those under CK. The effect of irrigation regimes on endosperm structure varied with grain positions, which was the most significant on the belly of grains at the secondary branch located at the lower part of panicle. The results suggest that the formation of endosperm structure in the grains at different parts of panicle is closely related to days after anthesis. WMD may improve, whereas WSD deteriorate, the endosperm structure of grains at the lower part of rice panicle. Soil water potential -20 kPa can be used as the low limit of soil water potential index in the water-saving irrigation for improving endosperm structure in grains during the grain filling period of rice.

Key words: rice, grain position, endosperm structure, starch granule, irrigation regimes

图1

水稻穗结构模式图"

图版I

花后5~10 d穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构图1: 扬稻6号穗上部一次枝梗第1粒花后5 d背部; 图2: 扬稻6号穗下部一次枝梗第1粒花后5 d胚乳; 图3: 扬稻6号穗下部一次枝梗第2粒花后5 d胚乳; 图4: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第1粒花后5 d胚乳; 图5: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第5粒花后5 d胚乳; 图6: 扬稻6号穗上部一次枝梗第2粒花后10 d背部; 图7: 扬稻6号穗上部一次枝梗第6粒花后10 d腹部; 图8: 扬稻6号穗中部一次枝梗第2粒花后10 d背部。"

图版II

花后10 d穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构图1: 扬稻6号穗中部一次枝梗第5粒花后10 d背部; 图2: 扬稻6号穗下部一次枝梗第4粒花后10 d背部; 图3: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第1粒花后10 d背部; 图4: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第3粒花后10 d背部, 图5: 武运粳24穗中部一次枝梗第2粒花后10 d胚乳; 图6: 武运粳24穗中部一次枝梗第6粒花后10 d心部; 图7: 武运粳24穗下部二次枝梗第1粒花后10 d背部; 图8: 武运粳24穗下部二次枝梗第4粒花后10 d背部。"

图版III

花后15 d穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构图1: 扬稻6号穗上部一次枝梗第1粒花后15 d背部; 图2: 扬稻6号穗上部一次枝梗第5粒花后15 d心部; 图3: 扬稻6号穗上部二次枝梗第2粒花后15 d背部; 图4: 扬稻6号穗下部一次枝梗第1粒花后15 d腹部; 图5: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第5粒花后15 d心部; 图6: 图5籽粒腹部扁平细胞内胚乳; 图7: 武运粳24穗上部二次枝梗第2粒花后15 d胚乳; 图8: 武运粳24穗下部二次枝梗第2粒花后15 d胚乳。"

图版IV

花后20 d穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构图1: 扬稻6号穗上部一次枝梗第5粒花后20 d背部; 图2: 扬稻6号穗中部二次枝梗第1粒花后20 d背部; 图3: 扬稻6号穗中部二次枝梗第1粒花后20 d腹部; 图4: 扬稻6号穗下部二次枝梗第1粒花后20 d背部; 图5: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第1粒花后20 d背部; 图6: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第1粒花后20 d心部; 图7: 武运粳24穗中部一次枝梗第6粒花后20 d腹部; 图8: 武运粳24穗下部一次枝梗第4粒花后20 d腹部。"

图版V

花后25 d穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构图1: 扬稻6号穗上部一次枝梗第1粒花后25 d腹部; 图2: 扬稻6号穗中部二次枝梗第2粒花后25 d背部; 图3: 扬稻6号穗中部二次枝梗第4粒花后25 d心部; 图4: 扬稻6号穗下部二次枝梗第2粒花后25 d胚乳; 图5: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第7粒花后25 d心部; 图6: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第7粒花后25 d背部; 图7: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第7粒花后25 d腹部; 图8: 武运粳24穗中部一次枝梗第4粒花后25 d腹部。"

图版VI

成熟期穗上不同部位籽粒胚乳结构图1: 扬稻6号穗中部一次枝梗第1粒成熟期背部; 图2: 扬稻6号穗中部二次枝梗第2粒成熟期背部; 图3: 扬稻6号穗中部二次枝梗第3粒成熟期腹部; 图4: 扬稻6号穗下部二次枝梗第3粒成熟期心部; 图5: 武运粳24穗上部一次枝梗第2粒成熟期心部; 图6: 武运粳24穗中部一次枝梗第2粒成熟期腹部; 图7: 武运粳24穗中部一次枝梗第5粒成熟期腹部; 图8: 武运粳24穗下部二次枝梗第2粒成熟期腹部。"

表1

结实期干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量及其构成的影响"

试验/品种
Exp./cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Panicles per m2		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(g m-2)
土培池试验 Tank exp.
扬稻6号
Yangdao 6		 CK 280.4 a 150.2 a 84.6 b 26.5 b 957.7 b
T1 282.6 a 148.9 a 90.2 a 27.7 a 1051.4 a
T2 279.3 a 152.1 a 78.6 c 26.1 b 871.5 c
武运粳24
Wuyunjing 24		 CK 271.3 a 167.5 a 82.6 b 27.0 b 986.5 b
T1 273.5 a 168.9 a 87.5 a 27.6 a 1035.2 a
T2 270.8 a 165.3 a 75.6 c 26.3 c 870.4 c
大田试验 Field exp.
扬稻6号
Yangdao 6		 CK 257.5 a 156.4 a 82.5 b 26.3 b 873.8 b
T1 255.3 a 157.9 a 89.6 a 27.5 a 993.4 a
T2 256.6 a 158.2 a 77.3 c 26.1 b 818.9 c
武运粳24
Wuyunjing 24		 CK 264.5 a 169.3 a 83.7 a 27.1 b 985.6 b
T1 265.3 a 170.5 a 88.4 b 27.8 a 1110.2 a
T2 263.6 a 168.4 a 77.5 c 26.4 c 908.1 c

图版VII

结实期干湿交替灌溉对籼稻扬稻6号稻米胚乳结构的影响图1: 对照组基部一次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图2: T1处理组基部一次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图3: T2处理组基部一次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图4: 对照组基部二次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图5: T1处理组基部二次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图6: T2处理组基部二次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图7: 对照组顶部二次枝梗籽粒背部; 图8: T2处理组顶部二次枝梗籽粒背部。"

图版VIII

结实期干湿交替灌溉对粳稻武运粳24稻米胚乳结构的影响图1: 对照组基部一次枝梗籽粒背部; 图2: T1处理组基部一次枝梗籽粒背部; 图3: T2处理组基部一次枝梗籽粒背部; 图4: 对照组基部一次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图5: T1处理组基部一次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图6: T2处理组基部一次枝梗籽粒腹部; 图7: 对照组基部二次枝梗籽粒背部; 图8: T2处理组基部二次枝梗籽粒背部。"

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