不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.83055

作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 777-791.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.83055

不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应

宁芳,张元红,温鹏飞,王瑞,王倩,董朝阳,贾广灿,李军()

西北农林科技大学农学院 / 农业部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100

收稿日期:2018-07-20 接受日期:2019-01-19 出版日期:2019-05-12 网络出版日期:2019-02-27
通讯作者: 李军
基金资助:
本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B02);国家自然科学基金项目(31571620);国家自然科学基金项目(31801300);国家高技术研究发展计划项目(863计划)(2013AA102902)

Responses of maize growth and yield to nitrogen application in dryland under different precipitation conditions

Fang NING,Yuan-Hong ZHANG,Peng-Fei WEN,Rui WANG,Qian WANG,Zhao-Yang DONG,Guang-Can JIA,Jun LI()

College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Received:2018-07-20 Accepted:2019-01-19 Published:2019-05-12 Published online:2019-02-27
Contact: Jun LI
Supported by:
This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program(2015BAD22B02);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571620);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801300);the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program)(2013AA102902)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水分不足是旱地玉米生长主要限制因素, 渭北旱塬雨养玉米种植区降水季节波动大, 干旱频繁发生, 已严重影响春玉米正常生长发育及产量稳定性。于2016—2018年在渭北旱塬合阳县进行旱地玉米施氮量定位试验, 设置5个施氮量处理, 2016—2017年包括0、75、150、270、360 kg hm ^-2(分别以N0、N75、N150、N270、N360表示), 2018年施氮量处理为0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm ^-2(分别以N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示), 供试品种为郑单958 (ZD958)和陕单8806 (SD8806)。分析了不同降水分布年份施氮量对春玉米生育期土壤水分变化动态、干物质积累动态、产量构成、经济效益及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明, 试验年份降水分布可分为穗期多雨、粒期干旱型(2016年和2018年)和穗期干旱、粒期多雨型(2017年)。生长季降水量及其分布显著影响土壤蓄水量和玉米地上部干物质积累, 从而影响玉米产量及其构成因素, 穗期干旱显著降低地上部干物质积累量和穗粒数, 粒期干旱会明显降低粒重。不同降水分布年份施氮处理较N0增产6.72%~91.23%不等, 施氮量对玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)影响呈现二次曲线关系, 穗期多雨、粒期干旱型以N270处理籽粒产量和WUE最高, 而穗期干旱、粒期多雨型以N150处理产量和WUE最好。籽粒产量与“休闲至抽雄期降水(FP2)”、“播前土壤蓄水量+播种至抽雄期降水(SP2)”相关性较强(FP2: R ²=0.839 ^**; SP2: R ²=0.837 ^**)。根据产量、水分利用和经济收益综合评价, 渭北旱地玉米最适施氮方案为基施氮肥150 kg hm ^-2, 再根据休闲至抽雄期降水量或播前土壤蓄水量与播种至抽雄期降水量之和预测产量, 估算并及时追施适宜施氮量。

关键词: 春玉米, 降水分布, 施氮量, 产量, WUE

Abstract:

Water deficiency is a main limiting factor for maize growth in dryland. The seasonal fluctuation of precipitation and the frequent occurrence of drought have severely affected the normal growth and stable production of spring maize in Weibei dryland. An in-situ experiment was conducted in Heyang county located in Weibei dryland from 2016 to 2018, with five treatments of nitrogen rates, including 0 kg ha ^-1 (N0), 75 kg ha ^-1 (N75), 150 kg ha ^-1 (N150), 270 kg ha ^-1 (N270), and 360 kg ha ^-1 (N360) from 2016 to 2017 and 0 kg ha ^-1 (N0), 90 kg ha ^-1 (N90), 180 kg ha ^-1 (N180), 270 kg ha ^-1 (N270), and 360 kg ha ^-1 (N360) in 2018, using two spring maize varieties Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Shaandan 8806 (SD8806). The effects of nitrogen application rates on dynamic changes of soil moisture, dry matter accumulation, yield composition, economic returns and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize during growth period were analyzed in different test years. There were two distribution types of precipitation in the test years, one was rainy at the ear stage and droughty at the grain stage (2016, 2018), while the other was droughty at the ear stage and rainy at the grain stage (2017). Precipitation amount and its distribution in the growing season significantly affected soil water storage and aboveground dry matter accumulation of maize, thus affecting grain yield and its components. Drought at the ear stage significantly reduced aboveground dry matter accumulation and kernel number per ear, while drought in the grain stage decreased kernel weight. The yield of applying nitrogen fertilizer treatment was 6.72%-91.23% higher than that of N0 across three years. The effects of nitrogen rates on grain yield and WUE followed a quadratic curve relationship. In the case of being rainy at the ear stage and droughty at the grain stage there occurred the highest grain yield and WUE in N270, in contrast when it was droughty at the ear stage and rainy at the grain stage, spring maize performed better in N150 treatment. The Grain yield was positively correlated with “precipitation from fallow to tasseling” (FP2) and “the sum of soil water storage before sowing and precipitation from sowing to tasseling” (SP2) (FP2: R ²=0.839 ^**; SP2: R ²=0.837 ^**). Based on a comprehensive assessment for grain yield, WUE and net economic returns, the optimum nitrogen application rate in this study is basic fertilizer of 150 kg ha ^-1 plus top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer in time according to the predicted yield, which is estimated by FP2 or SP2, so as to get the optimized N fertilizer amount and maximized yield, WUE and economic returns in Weibei dryland.

Key words: spring maize, distribution of precipitation, nitrogen application rate, yield, WUE

宁芳,张元红,温鹏飞,王瑞,王倩,董朝阳,贾广灿,李军. 不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(5): 777-791.

Fang NING,Yuan-Hong ZHANG,Peng-Fei WEN,Rui WANG,Qian WANG,Zhao-Yang DONG,Guang-Can JIA,Jun LI. Responses of maize growth and yield to nitrogen application in dryland under different precipitation conditions[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(5): 777-791.

图/表 10

表1

表2

图1

图2

图3

图4

表3

表4

不同处理春玉米的产量、耗水量及水分利用效率"

品种 Cultivar	施氮量 N application rate	播种期蓄水量 Soil water storage before sowing (mm)	收获期蓄水量 Soil water storage in harvesting (mm)	降水量 Rainfall (mm)	耗水量 ET (mm)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	水分利用效率WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)
2016
郑单958 Zhengdan 958	N0	440.00	324.51	357.5	472.99 a	9975 d	21.14 b
	N75	440.00	348.09	357.5	449.41 a	10893 c	24.29 ab
	N150	440.00	350.18	357.5	447.32 a	11864 b	26.58 a
	N270	440.00	348.07	357.5	449.43 a	12221 a	27.25 a
	N360	440.00	348.00	357.5	449.50 a	11886 b	26.50 a
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806	N0	440.00	367.40	357.5	430.10 b	9771 d	22.78 a
	N75	440.00	303.87	357.5	493.63 a	10141 c	20.59 a
	N150	440.00	321.72	357.5	475.78 a	10678 b	22.50 a
	N270	440.00	334.37	357.5	463.13 ab	10970 a	23.74 a
	N360	440.00	330.05	357.5	467.45 ab	10998 a	23.58 a
2017
郑单958 Zhengdan 958	N0	423.62	405.54	362.6	380.68 a	2215 e	5.83 c
	N75	410.34	391.09	362.6	381.85 a	2779 d	7.29 c
	N150	419.71	391.76	362.6	390.56 a	4474 a	11.48 a
	N270	420.35	400.57	362.6	382.38 a	4115 b	10.78 ab
	N360	421.82	425.56	362.6	358.86 a	3427 c	9.57 b
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806	N0	418.00	423.05	362.6	357.55 b	2305 e	6.46 c
	N75	390.57	372.08	362.6	381.09 ab	3022 d	7.95 b
	N150	398.73	349.95	362.6	411.38 a	4170 b	10.16 a
	N270	412.64	380.34	362.6	394.89 a	4285 a	10.87 a
	N360	395.96	400.60	362.6	357.96 b	3802 c	10.64 a
2018
郑单958 Zhengdan 958	N0	451.88	376.05	225.0	300.83 d	6718 b	22.33 c
	N90	443.38	351.20	225.0	317.18 b	9675 a	30.50 a
	N180	452.88	365.40	225.0	312.49 c	9821 a	31.43 a
	N270	455.23	359.73	225.0	320.50 b	10102 a	31.52 a
	N360	452.25	341.28	225.0	335.97 a	9411 a	28.01 b
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806	N0	456.45	375.36	225.0	306.09 d	4670 c	15.26 d
	N90	439.14	333.00	225.0	331.14 b	7172 b	21.66 c
	N180	454.16	353.96	225.0	325.20 c	9752 a	29.99 ab
	N270	456.36	354.43	225.0	326.93 bc	10259 a	31.38 a
	N360	465.66	344.64	225.0	346.01 a	9827 a	28.40 b
变异来源 Source of variation
年份Year (Y)		—	—	—	**	**	**
施氮量N application rate (N)		—	—	—	NS	**	*
品种Cultivar (C)		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
年份×施氮量 Y×N		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
年份×品种 Y×C		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
施氮量×品种 N×C		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
年份×施氮量×品种 Y×N×C		—	—	—	NS	**	**

表4

图5

图6

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N content (g kg^-1)	全磷 Total P content (g kg^-1)	全钾 Total K content (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydro nitrogen (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P content (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K content (mg kg^-1)
0-20	11.38	0.98	0.79	11.15	56.02	28.39	277.36
20-40	8.53	0.81	0.65	10.41	38.20	24.89	283.09
40-60	8.02	0.63	0.71	11.53	25.74	21.78	233.95

年份 Year	播种 Sowing	幼苗 Seedling	拔节 Jointing	抽雄 Tasseling	灌浆 Filling	成熟 Maturity
2016	4/26	6/1	6/27	7/25	8/25	9/17
2017	4/26	5/25	6/26	7/13	8/14	9/22
2018	4/26	5/26	6/28	7/17	8/17	9/10

施氮量 N rate	穗数 Spike number	穗粒数 Kernels per spike	百粒重100-kernel weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	收获指数 HI (%)	边际产量 MP (kg N^-1)	边际成本 MC (Yuan kg^-1)	边际收益 MR (Yuan kg^-1)
2016
N0	60224	520 e	31.97 c	9983	18220	54.74 b	—	—	—
N75	63545	545 b	31.66 d	10947	20132	54.11 c	964	0.3351	1.1888
N150	67750	543 c	32.18 b	11882	21397	55.45 a	935	0.3407	1.2512
N270	68279	550 a	32.47 a	12192	21934	55.72 a	194	0.5269	1.1000
N360	69860	532 d	32.09 b	11923	22222	53.49 d	-224	0.8000	0.7763
平均Average	65932	538	32.07	11385	20781	54.70	—	—	—
2017
N0	56873	145 e	26.79 e	2209	13257	16.71 d	—	—	—
N75	53333	165 d	31.67 d	2780	17345	16.03 e	571	0.4536	1.1261
N150	58347	235 a	32.74 c	4482	18097	24.72 a	1702	0.2275	1.3625
N270	56667	209 b	34.88 a	4121	19839	20.74 b	-226	0.4869	1.1025
N360	50000	208 c	32.93 b	3426	18354	18.67 c	-579	1.0197	0.5735
平均Average	55044	192	31.80	3404	17378	19.37	—	—	—
2018
N0	63505	420 e	25.17 e	6718	19451	34.54 d	—	—	—
N90	68331	543 d	26.10 d	9675	21420	45.17 a	2463	0.1050	1.4950
N180	64429	551 c	27.68 a	9821	22286	44.07 ab	122	0.2000	1.4000
N270	65884	559 a	27.43 b	10102	23231	43.48 b	234	0.2752	1.3248
N360	63657	557 b	26.56 c	9411	24334	38.68 c	-575	0.4610	1.1390
平均Average	65161	526	26.59	9145	22144	41.19	—	—	—

不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应

Responses of maize growth and yield to nitrogen application in dryland under different precipitation conditions

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