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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1162-1174.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02052

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响

赵杰(), 李绍平, 程爽, 田晋钰, 邢志鹏*(), 陶钰, 周磊, 刘秋员, 胡雅杰, 郭保卫, 高辉, 魏海燕, 张洪程*()   

  1. 扬州大学江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室/江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心/水稻产业工程技术研究院, 江苏扬州 225009
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-29 接受日期:2020-12-01 出版日期:2021-06-12 网络出版日期:2021-01-06
  • 通讯作者: 邢志鹏,张洪程
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 704428205@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    江苏省农业科技创新与推广项目, 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-01-27);江苏省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(JATS(2019)444);江苏省农业科技自主创新资金(CX(20)1012);江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目资助

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in the middle and late tillering stage on yield and quality of dry direct seeding rice under “solo-stalk” cultivation mode

ZHAO Jie(), LI Shao-Ping, CHENG Shuang, TIAN Jin-Yu, XING Zhi-Peng*(), TAO Yu, ZHOU Lei, LIU Qiu-Yuan, HU Ya-Jie, GUO Bao-Wei, GAO Hui, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng*()   

  1. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Industrial Technology for Grain Crops/Rice Industry Engineering Technology Research Institute, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-07-29 Accepted:2020-12-01 Published:2021-06-12 Published online:2021-01-06
  • Contact: XING Zhi-Peng,ZHANG Hong-Cheng
  • Supported by:
    The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Extension Project of Jiangsu Province, the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-27);The earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS(2019)444);The Agricultural Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province(CX(20)1012);The Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)

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摘要：

稻麦两熟地区, 旱直播水稻生产受前茬小麦收获、全量麦秸秆还田及耕整地质量不高等因素的影响, 常采用迟播期、大播量、高基本苗和主茎成穗为主的“独秆”栽培模式, 而配套该模式直播稻优质丰产的氮肥管理技术尚缺乏系统的研究。以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料, 采用机械旱直播方式, 基本苗为380×104 hm-2, 设置不同叶龄期(六、七、八、九和十叶龄期)氮肥追施处理及氮肥追施用量(纯氮180 kg hm-2和225 kg hm-2)处理, 以基本苗380×104 hm-2和300×104 hm-2的旱直播精确定量氮肥管理(纯氮270 kg hm-2, 基肥︰分蘖肥︰穗肥=3.5︰3.5︰3.0)为对照, 系统比较研究“独秆”栽培模式下, 全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明, 随追施叶龄的延后, 水稻产量呈先增后降趋势, 八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量显著高于其他处理, 且追施量增加, 水稻产量进一步提高。与2组对照相比, 在纯氮180 kg hm-2, 氮肥减量33.3%情况下, 不施氮素基肥配合八叶期一次性追施氮肥, 可显著提高水稻产量5.10%和8.65%; 在纯氮225 kg hm-2, 氮肥减量16.7%情况下, 不施氮素基肥配合八叶期及7 d后二次追肥可显著提高水稻产量7.46%和11.09%。不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥水稻产量提高的原因是, 保障较大穗型的基础上增加有效穗数, 显著提高群体颖花量, 同时保持较高水平的结实率和千粒重。随追肥叶龄延后, 水稻整精米率呈增加趋势, 垩白度呈增大趋势, 蛋白质含量增加, 直链淀粉含量下降, 食味值呈降低趋势。与2组对照相比, 不施氮素基肥配合八叶期追施氮肥的水稻, 加工品质提高, 整精米率提高0.67%~2.23%; 外观品质变好, 垩白度降低3.6%~14.5%; 营养品质提升, 蛋白质含量增加3.03%~14.08%; 蒸煮食味品质呈变优趋势, 直链淀粉含量下降4.23%~10.95%; 食味值无显著差异。综上所述, “独秆”栽培模式下基肥不施氮肥配合全程氮肥在分蘖中后期适宜叶龄施用可实现稻麦两熟地区旱直播稻迟播期、大播量和高基本苗生产方式的提质增产生产。

关键词: “独秆”栽培模式, 基肥不施氮肥, 分蘖中后期施氮肥, 氮肥管理模式, 直播稻, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

In a rice-wheat cropping system, dry direct seeding rice growth was directly affected by harvest dates of the previous crop of wheat, the return of full wheat straw to the field, and the poor quality of tillage and land preparation. A “solo-stalk” cultivation mode with main stem panicles by late sowing dates, large sowing rates and high basic seedlings was commonly used in dry direct seeding. However, the nitrogen fertilizer management of high-quality and high-yield dry direct-seeding rice for the “solo-stalk” cultivation mode was still lacking in systematic research. With high-quality japonica rice Nanjing 9108, 380×104 hm-2 basic seedlings were realized by mechanical dry direct seeding method. The leaf age treatments of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 leaf age and nitrogen application amount treatments of 180 and 225 kg hm-2 were designed with accurate quantitative nitrogen management (total nitrogen was 270 kg hm-2, base fertilizer:tiller fertilizer:spike fertilizer = 3.5:3.5:3.0) at basic seedlings of 380×104 and 300×104 hm-2 as the control. Then dry direct seeding rice yield and quality were systematically determined and compared with the control and “solo-stalk” cultural method with nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied in middle and late tillering stage. The results showed that rice yield showed a trend of first increased and then decreased with nitrogen application at bigger leaf age. Rice yield was significantly higher than other treatments when applying nitrogen fertilizer at the 8-leaf stage, and the yield was further improved with the increase of nitrogen application amount. Compare with the controls, nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration of 180 kg N hm-2 applied one time at 8-leaf stage could significantly increase rice yield by 5.10% and 8.65%, and reduced nitrogen fertilizer by 33.3%, whereas nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration of 225 kg N hm-2 applied two time at 8-leaf stage and 7 days later could significantly increase rice yield by 7.46% and 11.09%, and reduced the nitrogen by 16.7%. The reason was that, compared with the control, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, effective panicle number was significantly increased resulting in the increasing total spikelet amount per hectare and yield on the basis of maintaining larger panicle type. With nitrogen applied at bigger leaf age, the head rice rate, chalkiness and protein content of rice revealed an increasing trend, but the amylose content and taste value of rice showed a decreasing trend. Compare to the two controls, the processing quality of rice with the head rice rate was increased by 0.67%-2.23% with nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied at 8-leaf age; the appearance quality was improved with the chalkiness decreased by 3.6%-14.5%; the nutrition quality was better with protein content increased by 3.03%-14.08%; the cooking and eating quality showed a tendency of getting better with amylose content decreased by 4.23%-10.95%; and there was no insignificant difference in taste value. In conclusion, nitrogen fertilizer in whole growth duration applied at suitable leaf age in the middle and late tillering stage could improve the quality and increase the yield of dry direct seeding rice under “solo-stalk” cultural method caused by late sowing dates, large sowing rate, and high basic seedlings in a rice-wheat cropping system.

Key words: “solo-stalk” cultivation mode, base fertilizer without nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer in middle and late tillering stage, nitrogen fertilizer management mode, direct seeding rice, yield, quality

图1

2018年和2019年水稻生长季节的日平均温度(A)和日照时数(B)"

表1

试验肥料用量和施用时期"

氮肥
水平
N level		 基肥
Base fertilizer		 分蘖肥
Tiller
fertilizer		 叶龄追肥
Fertilization at
leaf age		 促花肥
Flower-promoting fertilizer		 保花肥
Flower-preserving fertilizer		 合计
Total
N P2O5 K2O N N P2O5 K2O N K2O N N P2O5 K2O
N1 22.5 112.5 180 112.5 112.5 180 135 225
N2 22.5 112.5 225 112.5 112.5 225 135 225
CK1 94.5 135 112.5 94.5 40.5 112.5 40.5 270 135 225
CK2 94.5 135 112.5 94.5 40.5 112.5 40.5 270 135 225

图2

2018年和2019年“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量的影响 N1: 180 kg N hm-2; N2: 225 kg N hm-2; L6、L7、L8、L9、L10分别为六、七、八、九和十叶龄期5个追肥叶龄期。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著(LSD法)。"

表2

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻产量构成因素的影响"

处理Treatment 基本苗
Basic
seedlings
(×104 hm-2)		 有效穗数
Number of
panicle
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Spikelets
per panicle		 群体颖花量
Total spikelet
number
(×108 hm-2)		 结实率
Seed setting
rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)
氮肥水平
N level		 追肥叶龄
Leaf age
N1 L6 381.8 a 409.8 e 85.6 cd 3.51 cd 95.66 a 27.2 a
L7 381.9 a 428.6 d 88.4 bc 3.78 c 93.85 ab 27.4 a
L8 382.0 a 455.3 b 93.7 a 4.29 ab 92.85 bc 27.4 a
L9 382.4 a 436.5 cd 83.5 d 3.69 cd 91.66 c 27.2 a
L10 382.8 a 446.2 bc 75.3 e 3.45 d 92.72 bc 27.1 a
N2 L6 382.1 a 429.3 d 88.0 bc 3.69 cd 95.46 a 27.3 a
L7 381.5 a 450.2 b 90.4 ab 4.09 b 94.17 ab 27.1 a
L8 383.2 a 474.2 a 94.5 a 4.54 a 92.59 bc 27.3 a
L9 382.3 a 449.8 b 82.0 d 3.79 c 91.31 c 27.2 a
L10 382.4 a 454.2 b 75.0 e 3.55 cd 92.21 bc 27.2 a
F-value
N 0.23NS 147.00** 1.25NS 32.28* 0.22NS 0.05NS
L 0.70NS 28.14** 59.11** 32.17** 25.96** 0.15NS
N×L 0.48NS 0.79NS 0.76NS 0.55NS 0.26NS 0.13NS
CK1 382.1 419.2 91.6 3.85 90.73 27.2
CK2 303.5 372.7 104.7 3.92 91.52 27.2

表3

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻穗型结构的影响"

处理Treatment 整穗Panicle 一次枝梗Primary branches 二次枝梗Secondary branches
氮肥水平
N level		 追肥叶龄
Leaf age		 穗长
PL (cm)		 着粒密度
GD
(grain cm-1)		 单穗重
GWPP (g)		 一二次枝梗比
RN		 一二次枝梗总粒数比
RTG		 总粒数
TG		 枝梗数
NB		 单枝梗着粒数
GPB		 总粒数
TG		 结实率
SSR (%)		 枝梗数
NB		 单枝梗着粒数
GPB		 总粒数
TG		 结实率
SSR (%)
N1 L6 13.8 ab 6.21 de 2.17 c 0.75 a 1.53 a 85.6 c 9.0 a 5.72 a 51.7 a 97.7 b 12.1 de 2.81 b 33.9 d 88.0 b
L7 13.7 ab 6.44 bc 2.20 bc 0.64 cd 1.34 bc 88.4 b 8.5 b 5.94 a 50.5 a 97.4 b 13.3 bc 2.85 b 37.9 bc 87.0 c
L8 13.6 b 6.87 a 2.36 a 0.56 f 1.16 de 93.7 a 8.4 b 6.00 a 50.2 a 96.6 c 14.9 a 2.91 ab 43.5 a 85.9 d
L9 13.7 ab 6.09 e 2.11 d 0.61 e 1.28 cde 83.7 cd 7.8 c 5.99 a 46.9 b 96.6 c 13.0 c 2.84 b 36.8 bcd 87.7 b
L10 13.9 ab 5.39 g 1.91 e 0.74 ab 1.55 a 75.2 e 7.7 c 5.96 a 45.7 bc 97.0 c 10.4 g 2.84 b 29.5 e 88.2 b
N2 L6 14.0 a 6.29 cd 2.20 bc 0.73 ab 1.44 abc 88.1 b 9.1 a 5.74 a 52.0 a 98.3 a 12.4 d 2.92 ab 36.2 cd 88.2 b
L7 13.9 ab 6.49 b 2.24 b 0.63 de 1.28 cde 90.0 b 8.4 b 5.87 a 50.6 a 97.6 b 13.4 b 2.94 ab 39.5 b 86.4 cd
L8 13.9 ab 6.86 a 2.38 a 0.57 f 1.11 e 95.1 a 8.3 b 6.02 a 50.1 a 97.5 b 14.6 a 3.09 a 45.1 a 84.9 e
L9 13.9 ab 5.92 f 2.07 d 0.66 c 1.32 bcd 82.2 d 7.8 c 5.99 a 46.6 bc 97.6 b 11.8 e 3.01 ab 35.6 cd 84.6 e
L10 13.9 ab 5.40 g 1.93 e 0.71 b 1.45 ab 74.8 e 7.7 c 5.73 a 44.3 c 97.8 b 10.8 f 2.82 b 30.6 e 89.2 a
F-value
N 9.9NS 1.27NS 9.15NS 0.55NS 2.59NS 5.14NS 0.13NS 0.25NS 0.27NS 80.18* 4.07NS 8.07NS 3.14NS 171.26**
L 0.88NS 147.44** 183.93** 109.43** 29.80** 169.64** 57.35** 5.97** 28.35** 33.59** 339.47** 3.77* 105.76** 73.40**
N×L 0.96NS 1.2NS 1.41NS 4.99** 0.96NS 2.2NS 0.14NS 1.32NS 0.40NS 6.44** 14.76** 1.37NS 1.71NS 22.74**
CK1 13.9 6.60 2.22 0.67 1.42 91.7 9.0 5.99 53.8 94.05 13.4 2.83 37.9 85.04
CK2 14.2 7.37 2.48 0.63 1.31 104.7 9.9 6.00 59.3 95.28 15.7 2.90 45.4 86.51

表4

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻茎蘖动态的影响"

处理Treatment 六叶期
6-leaf stage		 十叶期
10-leaf stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
氮肥水平
N level		 追肥叶龄
Leaf age
N1 L6 426.7 a 766.7 a 574.7 d 428.0 e 409.8 e
L7 423.4 a 566.0 b 689.4 ab 474.0 bc 428.6 d
L8 420.0 a 541.4 b 626.0 cd 489.4 b 455.3 b
L9 420.7 a 542.7 b 578.0 d 458.7 cd 436.5 cd
L10 421.4 a 542.0 b 575.4 d 449.4 cde 446.2 bc
N2 L6 425.4 a 801.4 a 601.4 cd 434.7 de 429.3 d
L7 423.4 a 568.0 b 724.0 a 490.7 b 450.2 b
L8 420.0 a 542.0 b 646.7 bc 514.7 a 474.2 a
L9 422.0 a 538.7 b 581.4 d 470.7 bc 449.8 b
L10 426.7 a 544.0 b 583.4 d 456.0 cd 454.2 b
F-value
N 0.84NS 1.28NS 25.69* 29.23* 147.00**
L 0.79NS 84.57** 61.33** 22.29** 28.14**
N×L 0.25NS 0.46NS 0.86NS 0.47NS 0.79NS
CK1 529.4 679.7 545.4 430.0 419.2
CK2 340.7 556.0 393.4 381.4 372.7

图3

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻茎蘖成穗率的影响 处理和缩写同图2。不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著(LSD法)。"

表5

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻加工品质和外观品质的影响"

处理Treatment 加工品质Processing quality 外观品质Appearance quality
氮肥水平
N level		 追肥叶龄
Leaf age		 糙米率
BRR (%)		 精米率
MRR (%)		 整精米率
HMR (%)		 长宽比
LWR		 透明度
TD		 垩白大小
CS (%)		 垩白粒率
CGR (%)		 垩白度
CD (%)
N1 L6 84.67 a 66.18 a 62.19 a 1.65 a 3.0 a 56.9 a 9.3 a 5.3 f
L7 84.76 a 66.36 a 62.66 a 1.66 a 3.0 a 60.5 a 9.2 a 5.5 ef
L8 84.86 a 66.54 a 63.15 a 1.66 a 3.0 a 59.0 a 11.1 a 6.4 cde
L9 84.96 a 66.68 a 63.89 a 1.66 a 3.0 a 61.6 a 11.7 a 7.2 abc
L10 85.30 a 67.15 a 64.29 a 1.67 a 3.0 a 67.8 a 11.4 a 7.8 ab
N2 L6 84.66 a 66.38 a 62.40 a 1.66 a 3.0 a 61.2 a 9.6 a 5.5 ef
L7 84.76 a 66.97 a 63.01 a 1.66 a 3.0 a 62.1 a 9.6 a 5.9 def
L8 85.13 a 67.11 a 63.74 a 1.66 a 3.0 a 60.2 a 11.6 a 7.0 bcd
L9 85.20 a 67.52 a 64.01 a 1.66 a 3.0 a 63.9 a 12.1 a 7.7 ab
L10 85.30 a 68.04 a 64.64 a 1.67 a 3.0 a 70.3 a 11.7 a 8.2 a
F-value
N 1.13NS 0.59NS 0.29NS 0.07NS — 0.60NS 0.42NS 8.41NS
L 1.66NS 1.03NS 3.68NS 1.14NS — 2.94NS 3.61* 22.50**
N×L 0.14NS 0.08NS 0.04NS 0.05NS — 0.06NS 0.01NS 0.05NS
CK1 84.28 66.34 62.35 1.67 3.0 71.5 10.5 7.5
CK2 84.88 66.72 62.72 1.67 3.0 65.2 11.1 7.2

表6

“独秆”栽培模式下全程氮肥在分蘖中后期施用对旱直播水稻蒸煮食味品质和营养品质的影响"

处理Treatment 食味值
Taste value		 外观
Appearance		 硬度
Hardness		 黏度
Viscosity		 蛋白质含量
PC (%)		 直链淀粉含量
AC (%)
氮肥水平
N level		 追肥叶龄
Leaf age
N1 L6 82.1 a 8.3 a 5.8 e 8.7 a 7.63 e 12.49 a
L7 78.7 a 7.8 a 6.0 d 8.3 a 7.73 de 12.08 ab
L8 74.0 bc 7.1 bc 6.3 bc 7.6 b 7.93 de 11.69 abc
L9 73.8 bc 7.0 bc 6.4 bc 7.6 b 8.13 cde 11.10 bcd
L10 70.8 cd 6.5 cd 6.6 a 7.2 bc 8.28 bcde 10.42 d
N2 L6 81.4 a 8.2 a 5.8 e 8.6 a 7.98 cde 12.15 ab
L7 74.8 b 7.2 b 6.2 cd 7.6 b 8.35 bcd 11.52 abc
L8 73.2 bc 7.0 bc 6.3 bc 7.4 bc 8.62 abc 11.13 bcd
L9 70.8 cd 6.6 cd 6.5 ab 7.1 bc 8.83 ab 10.64 cd
L10 68.7 d 6.3 d 6.7 a 6.8 c 9.13 a 10.15 d
F-value
N 17.27NS 12.98NS 3.27NS 16.69NS 132.13** 51.64*
L 39.29** 38.67** 45.57** 28.14** 5.90** 10.00**
N×L 0.89NS 1.03NS 0.44NS 1.15NS 0.39NS 0.07NS
CK1 72.0 7.0 6.4 7.2 7.70 12.20
CK2 74.1 7.2 6.1 7.6 7.55 12.50
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