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基于北纬30°分界的长江中游油菜增产策略研究

杨锐1，陈敬东1，黄郢1，张学昆1,2，周登文3，刘清云4，徐劲松1，谢伶俐1,  许本波1,*   

  1. 1 长江大学农学院 / 农业农村部长江中游作物绿色高效生产重点实验室(部省共建) / 湿地生态与农业利用教育部工程研究中心, 湖北荆州434025; 2 岳麓山实验室 / 湖南省农业科学院作物研究所, 湖南长沙410128; 3 湖北省荆州市农业技术推广中心, 湖北荆州434020; 4 湖北省黄冈市浠水县农业技术推广中心, 湖北黄冈438021
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-22 修回日期:2025-10-30 接受日期:2025-10-30 网络出版日期:2025-11-07
  • 通讯作者: 谢伶俐, linglixie@yangtzeu.edu.cn; 许本波, benboxu@yangtzeu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由农业生物育种重大项目(2023ZD04042)和农业农村部长江中游油菜单产提升技术集成示范基金项目(152304045)资助。

Region-specific yield optimization strategies for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in the middle Yangtze Basin across the 30°N latitude

Yang Rui1,Chen Jing-Dong1,Huang Ying1,Zhang Xue-Kun1,2,Zhou Deng-Wen3,Liu Qing-Yun4,Xu Jing-Song1,Xie Ling-Li1,*,Xu Ben-Bo1,*    

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Yangtze University / Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Engineering Research Center of Wetland Ecology and Agricultural Use, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China; 2 Yuelu Mountain Laboratory / Institute of Crops, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; 3 Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Jingzhou, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, China; 4 Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Xishui County, Huanggang 438021, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-07-22 Revised:2025-10-30 Accepted:2025-10-30 Published online:2025-11-07
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Major Projects of Agricultural Biology Breeding of China (2023ZD04042) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Improving Rapeseed Yield Potential Ability in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (152304045).

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摘要： 为揭示长江中游冬油菜主要气象因子及重要农艺性状对产量形成的影响机制，本研究以北纬30°为界，系统比较分析该纬度线南北两侧冬油菜生态适应性与产量主导因子的异同，旨在为优化区域品种选育与精准栽培管理提供理论依据与实践指导。本研究选取2006—2007、2009—2010、2016—2017和2019—2020等4个气候条件差异显著、涵盖典型油菜生长季节气候类型(温暖干燥、偏冷湿润、气候波动强)的年份，作为代表性试验年度，在北纬30°以北与北纬30°以南共6个国家冬油菜区域试验站点，收集全部参试品种的重要农艺性状，并结合气象数据，通过多元统计方法，解析区域气象因子差异及其对产量的影响、重要农艺性状的差异及其与产量的协同关系。结果表明，北纬30°以北地区冬季气温更低、昼夜温差更大、降水量相对较少、日照时数前期较少后期较多；而北纬30°以南地区则相对温暖但后期多雨寡照，两地区气候差异显著。北纬30°以北地区平均产量比北纬30°以南地区高779.1 kg hm?2 (P < 0.01)，北纬30°以北地区单株产量和角果数显著高于北纬30°以南地区，但病害压力较大。逐步回归分析显示，北纬30°以北地区产量主要受4月份降水等因素影响；而北纬30°以南地区则主要受12月份日照时数和3月份降水量影响。北纬30°以北地区产量主要由单株产量和每角粒数直接决定，分枝数则为主要负向因子；而北纬30°以南地区则更依赖单株产量与千粒重的协同作用，同时需控制分枝数与千粒重的负向效应。广适性品系0112、9ZYYP27、科乐油4号在南北两区均表现优异；而品系华68P25、渝华7号、越优577等则表现出明显的地域专适性。长江中游北纬30°两侧冬油菜生态区在气候资源、产量构成及主导性状上存在显著分化，区域光温水格局显著影响产量形成机制。北纬30°以北地区应注重苗期光照利用与后期排涝，优选耐渍、抗菌核病强、分枝数较少、单株产量高、粒数粒重兼优的品种；北纬30°以南地区则应重视中后期光照利用，注意选育高光效、耐渍、分枝数少、单株产量高、粒数多、含油量高品种。建议构建“广适性+专适性”相结合的区域化品种推广体系，协同推进精准育种与高效栽培，以实现长江中游冬油菜高产、稳产与绿色可持续发展。

关键词: 油菜, 长江中游, 气象因子, 农艺性状, 增产策略, 北纬30°

Abstract: To elucidate the effects of major climatic factors and key agronomic traits on yield formation of winter rapeseed in the middle Yangtze Basin, this study takes the 30°N latitude as a geographical boundary to systematically compare the ecological adaptability and yield-determining factors of winter rapeseed between northern and southern regions. The objective is to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for optimizing regional line selection and precision cultivation. Four representative growing seasons, characterized by distinct climatic conditions—namely warm and dry, cold and humid, and years with strong climate variability—were selected (2006–2007, 2009–2010, 2016–2017, and 2019–2020). Field experiments were conducted across six national winter rapeseed regional trial stations located north and south of the 30°N line. Comprehensive agronomic data were collected for all tested lines, and corresponding monthly climate data were compiled. The impacts of climatic factors on yield, as well as variations in agronomic traits and their synergistic contributions to yield, were analyzed using multiple statistical methods. Results showed that the northern region (north of 30°N) experienced lower winter temperatures, a greater diurnal temperature range, relatively reduced precipitation, and less sunshine during early growth stages, but more sunshine during later stages. In contrast, the southern region (south of 30°N) was relatively warmer, with higher rainfall and reduced sunlight during late growth stages. On average, the northern region achieved significantly higher yields than the southern region by 779.1 kg hm?2 (P < 0.01). It also exhibited higher yield per plant and more siliques per plant, although it faced higher disease pressure. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that yield in the northern region was mainly influenced by April precipitation, while in the southern region it was primarily affected by December sunshine duration and March precipitation. Path analysis further revealed that yield in the north was directly determined by yield per plant and seed number per silique, with branch number serving as a major negative factor. In the south, yield was more dependent on the combined effects of yield per plant and thousand-seed weight, and the negative impact of excessive branching and seed size needed to be managed. Broadly adapted lines such as 0112, 9ZYYP27, and Keleyou 4 performed well across both ecological zones, while lines such as Hua 68P25, Yuhua 7, and Yueyou 577 showed strong region-specific adaptability. Significant ecological divergence exists across the 30°N boundary in terms of climatic resources, yield components, and dominant agronomic traits. Regional patterns of light, temperature, and water availability significantly influence yield formation mechanisms. It is recommended that the northern region focus on optimizing early-season light utilization and enhancing resistance to late-season waterlogging, prioritizing lines with Sclerotinia stem rot resistance, fewer branches, and high yield per plant with strong seed number and weight. For the southern region, emphasis should be placed on optimizing mid-to-late season light use and developing lines with high photosynthetic efficiency, waterlogging resistance, fewer branches, high yield per plant, more seeds, and elevated oil content. A regional deployment strategy combining “broad adaptability and specific adaptation” is proposed to synergistically advance precision breeding and efficient cultivation, thereby promoting high and stable yields and green, sustainable development of winter rapeseed in the middle Yangtze Basin.

Key words: rapeseed, the middle Yangtze Basin, climatic factors, agronomic traits, yield optimization strategies, 30°N

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