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作物学报 ›› 2014, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (01): 93-100.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.00093

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响

李强1,4,王朝辉1,2,李富翠1,戴健1,李孟华1,何刚1,曹群虎3,段长林3,鱼昌为3   

  1. 1农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室 / 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌 712100;2旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室 / 西北农林科技大学,陕西杨凌 712100;3陕西省长武县农业技术推广中心,陕西长武 713600;4武威市林业科学研究院,甘肃武威 733000
  • 收稿日期:2013-02-21 修回日期:2013-08-16 出版日期:2014-01-12 网络出版日期:2013-10-22
  • 通讯作者: 王朝辉, E-mail: w-zhaohui@263.net, Tel: 029-87082234
  • 基金资助:

    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(30971866),国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-3-1-31),国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201303104, 201103003)和国家现代农业人才支撑计划项目资助。

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat Growing on Dryland with Plastic Film Mulching

LI Qiang1,4,WANG Zhao-Hui1,2,*,LI Fu-Cui1,DAI Jian1,LI Meng-Hua1,HE Gang1,CAO Qun-Hu3,DUAN Chang-Lin3,YU Chang-Wei3   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University), Yangling 712100, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas / Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; 3 Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Changwu County of Shaanxi Province, Changwu 713600, China; Wuwei Academy of Forestry Science, Wuwei 733000, China
  • Received:2013-02-21 Revised:2013-08-16 Published:2014-01-12 Published online:2013-10-22
  • Contact: 王朝辉, E-mail: w-zhaohui@263.net, Tel: 029-87082234

摘要:

降雨偏少且季节分布不均,施肥偏多且方式不合理,缺少有效的保水栽培措施是西北旱地小麦生产面临的主要问题。2010年10月至2012年6月连续2个小麦生长季,在陕西渭北旱塬进行田间试验,比较了氮肥追施和总量减少、覆膜、增加种植密度措施较传统施肥和农民习惯施肥种植模式对冬小麦籽粒产量及氮素利用效率的影响。与农户习惯施肥相比,传统施肥不能持续增加产量和氮素利用效率;而减氮追肥、减氮垄覆和减氮垄覆增密处理的增产效果明显,同时提高了氮素利用效率,但减氮垄覆或增加种植密度却使籽粒含氮量降低,主要原因是进入开花期后土壤硝态氮累积量减少,氮素供应不足所致。综合分析,减氮垄覆增产增效更明显,小麦产量、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率在第1年分别提高38.6%、49.6%和35.1%,在第2年分别提高7.6%、16.3%和25.7%,说明控氮与覆膜结合是实现旱地冬小麦增产的重要措施,但需注意生长后期土壤氮素供应,在增产的同时保证小麦品质。

关键词: 旱地, 冬小麦, 地表覆膜, 氮肥利用效率, 产量, 氮肥减施

Abstract:

Wheat production in Northwest China is mainly restricted by insufficient and uneven distributed precipitation across seasons. Besides, luxurious and improper application of nitrogen (N) is an obvious problem. In a two-year field experiment from October 2010 to June 2012, we compared grain yield and N use efficiency of winter wheat with cultivation patterns of conventional fertilization (P), current farmer’s habitual fertilization (C), reducing N with early-spring topdressing (NT), NT + ridging and mulching with plastic film (NR), and NR+ high plant density (NRH). Compared with P treatment, C had no effect on stable increases of grain yield and N use efficiency, while NT, NR, and NRH treatments significantly increased yield and N use efficiency of wheat. However, N content in grain was reduced in NR and NRH treatments. In an overall view, NR was the optimal treatment for high-yield and high-efficient wheat production, with the increases of grain yield, N partial factor productivity, and N physiological efficiency by 38.6%, 49.6%, and 35.1% in the first cropping year and by 7.6%, 16.3%, and 25.7% in the second year, respectively. These results indicate that N management plus ridge mulching is an important technique for high-yield production in Northwest China, and suitable N supply after flowering should be considered for high quality also.

Key words: Dryland, Winter wheat, Mulching with plastic film, Nitrogen use efficiency, Yield, Reducing nitrogen application

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