玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响

作物学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11): 1689-1699.

玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响

庞党伟¹,陈金¹,唐玉海¹,尹燕枰¹,杨东清¹,崔正勇¹,郑孟静¹,李勇¹,王振林^*

1山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室，山东泰安271018

收稿日期:2015-11-23 修回日期:2016-07-11 出版日期:2016-11-12 网络出版日期:2016-08-11
通讯作者: 王振林,E-mail:zlwang@sdau.edu.cn
基金资助:
本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271661,31271667,30871477),国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB150404),国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2012BAD04B05),国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100,201203029)和山东省高等学校科技计划项目(J14LF12)资助。

Effect of Returning Methods of Maize Straw and Nitrogen Treatments on Soil Physicochemical Property and Yield of Winter Wheat

PANG Dang-Wei, CHEN Jin, TANG Yu-Hai, YIN Yan-Ping, YANG Dong-Qing, CUI Zheng-Yong, ZHENG Meng-Jing, LI Yong, and WANG Zhen-Lin*

1Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, China

Received:2015-11-23 Revised:2016-07-11 Published:2016-11-12 Published online:2016-08-11
Contact: Wang Zhenlin,E-mail:zlwang@sdau.edu.cn
Supported by:
ThisstudywassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(31271661,31271667,30871477),theNationalBasicResearchProgramofChina(2015CB150404),theNationalTechnologyEngineeringProgramforFoodCropsProduction(2012BAD04B05),theSpecialFundforAgro-ScientificResearchinthePublicInterest(201203100,201203029),andtheHigherEducationalScienceandTechnologyProgramofShandongProvince.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探讨玉米秸秆还田条件下不同耕作方式及施氮量对土壤耕性及冬小麦产量的影响，于2012年10月至2015年6月连续3个小麦生长季进行了田间定位试验。设3种耕作方式，分别为连续3年旋耕秸秆不还田、连续3年旋耕秸秆还田和前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田，每种耕作方式下均设4个施氮水平，施氮量依次为165、225、300和360 kg hm?2。与旋耕相比，深耕促进还田玉米秸秆的腐解，且增施氮肥能提高秸秆腐解速度，从而提高耕层土壤的有机质含量。秸秆不还田条件下，连续旋耕降低了0~30 cm土层的有机质含量，结果土壤容重增大，孔隙度降低，且增施氮肥不利于土壤物理性状的改善；秸秆还田条件下，连续旋耕提高了0~10 cm土层有机质含量，土壤容重随之减小，孔隙度增加；秸秆还田条件下，连续2年旋耕1年深耕比连续旋耕增加了10~30 cm土层有机质含量，显著降低了0~20 cm土层容重，增加了0~20 cm土层的总孔隙度和10~30 cm土层的毛管孔隙度。连续3年旋耕造成冬小麦减产，尤其是秸秆不还田处理，第3年产量较第1年下降5.0%~8.7%；旋耕秸秆还田较旋耕不还田平均增产7.3%~8.9%，但在第3年产量下滑；而旋耕还田后适时深耕还田比连续旋耕还田平均增加有效穗数14.5%，增加穗粒数5.7%，产量平均提高7.6%。在玉米秸秆还田条件下，增施氮肥有助于改善土壤理化性质，但225、300和360 kg hm?2氮肥水平的产量无显著差异。本研究结果表明，山东省小麦高产高效栽培技术宜采取秸秆还田、2年旋耕1年深耕、配施纯氮225 kg hm?2的种植模式。

关键词: 耕作模式, 秸秆还田, 氮肥, 产量

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of continuous rotary tillage on soil tilth and wheat yield under straw-return and non-straw return conditions. A three -year field experiment from October 2012 to June 2015 was conducted with three tillage patterns (three-year rotary tillage without maize straw return, RT; three-year rotary tillage with maize straw return, RTS; and two-year rotary tillage plus one-year deep tillage with maize straw returning, RTS-DTS.) and four nitrogen application levels (165 kg ha-1, N165; 225 kg ha-1, N225; 300 kg ha-1, N300; 360 kg ha-1, N360). Compared with rotary tillage, deep tillage facilitated decomposition of the maize straw and high N level accelerated the decomposition speed. Under non-straw-return condition, continuous rotary tillage reduced the organic matter content in 0–30 cm soil layer, leading to increased bulk density and decreased soil porosity. Under straw-return condition, continuous rotary tillage increased the organic matter content in 0–10 cm soil layer and soil porosity and decreased bulk density. Moreover, RTS-DTS showed positive effects on tilth soil structure. For example, compared with RTS, RTS-DTS had the effect on increasing organic matter content in 10–30 cm soil layer, decreasing bulk density in 0–20 cm soil layer, and increasing the total porosity in 0–20 cm soil layer and capillary porosity in 10–30 cm soil layer. Three-year rotary tillage resulted in yield decline of wheat, particularly under non-straw return condition. Grain yield of RT in the third year was 5.0%–8.7% more than that in the first year. Although the yield of RTS was 7.3%–8.9% higher than that of RT, it also showed obvious decline in the third year. Compared with RTS, RTS-DTS showed great improvement in yield and yield components, with the increase of 14.5% in spike number, 5.7% in grain number per spike, and 7.6% in final yield. Under maize straw return condition, soil physical property was improved with the increase of N level. However, the final yield in treatments of N225, N300, and N360 was not significantly different. Our results suggest that RTS-DTS plus maize straw return with N application rate of 225 kg ha?1 is a high-yield and high-efficient cultivation pattern in Shandong province.

Key words: Tillagepractices, Strawreturning, Nitrogenfertilizer, Yield

庞党伟,陈金,唐玉海,尹燕枰,杨东清,崔正勇,郑孟静,李勇,王振林. 玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2016, 42(11): 1689-1699.

PANG Dang-Wei, CHEN Jin, TANG Yu-Hai, YIN Yan-Ping, YANG Dong-Qing, CUI Zheng-Yong, ZHENG Meng-Jing, LI Yong, and WANG Zhen-Lin*. Effect of Returning Methods of Maize Straw and Nitrogen Treatments on Soil Physicochemical Property and Yield of Winter Wheat[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2016, 42(11): 1689-1699.

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