作物学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (06): 899-911.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.00899
黄明1,2,王朝辉1,3,*,罗来超1,王森1,包明1,何刚1,曹寒冰1,刁超朋1,李莎莎1
HUANG Ming1,2, WANG Zhao-Hui1,3,*, LUO Lai-Chao1, WANG Sen1, BAO Ming1, HE Gang1, CAO Han-Bing1, DIAO Chao-Peng1, LI Sha-Sha1
摘要:
覆膜栽培能提高旱地小麦产量,但降低了籽粒蛋白质含量,优化施肥是解决这一问题的有效措施之一。2013年9月至2016年9月,在黄土高原中部典型旱地进行田间定位试验,比较传统平作(不覆盖+均匀施肥)、垄覆沟播(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+均匀施肥)和膜侧施肥(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+播种行侧膜下定位施肥)栽培模式下,0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量和0~200 cm土壤水分,以及膜侧施肥对小麦氮素吸收利用、产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用的影响。与传统平作相比,在偏旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度,垄覆沟播的小麦产量分别提高9.5%和6.3%,籽粒蛋白质含量降低7.1%和9.9%,水分利用效率提高5.8%和8.7%,而膜侧施肥的小麦产量分别提高18.8%和22.8%,籽粒蛋白质含量无显著变化,水分利用效率提高13.2%和19.6%;在偏湿润的2014—2015年度,垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥对小麦产量无影响,但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率分别提高6.0%和17.0%。与垄覆沟播相比,膜侧施肥在偏湿润年份使生长季内100~200 cm土壤水分消耗显著减少,而在偏旱年份使夏休闲季土壤蓄水显著增加,开花和收获期0~40 cm土壤硝态氮、根系全氮以及开花期茎叶全氮含量升高,促进了小麦营养器官氮素吸收、积累及其向籽粒的转运,提高了旱地小麦产量,籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率。在偏干旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度,膜侧施肥较垄覆沟播产量分别提高8.4%和15.5%,籽粒蛋白质含量提高9.9%和8.7%,水分利用效率提高7.0%和10.0%;在偏湿润的2014—2015年度,两处理产量无显著差异,但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量提高6.0%。因此,膜侧施肥可维持旱地小麦生育后期的土壤氮供应,提高小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率,增加下季播前深层土壤贮水,是适宜于旱区推广的小麦栽培模式。
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