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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (03): 442-453.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00442

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

黄淮南部玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应

安盼盼1(), 明博3, 董朋飞1, 张秒1, 黄大召1, 赵亚丽1,2,*(), 李潮海1,2,*()   

  1. 1河南农业大学农学院, 河南郑州450002
    2河南粮食作物协同创新中心 / 省部共建小麦玉米作物国家重点实验室, 河南郑州450002
    3中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2017-05-19 接受日期:2017-11-21 出版日期:2018-03-12 网络出版日期:2017-12-01
  • 通讯作者: 赵亚丽,李潮海
  • 作者简介:

    18203632382@163.com

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300106), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-17)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503117)资助

Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield to Climatic Ecological Condition on the South Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain

Pan-Pan AN1(), Bo MING3, Peng-Fei DONG1, Miao ZHANG1, Da-Zhao HUANG1, Ya-Li ZHAO1,2,*(), Chao-Hai LI1,2,*()   

  1. 1 Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
    2 Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops / Co-construction State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
    3 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2017-05-19 Accepted:2017-11-21 Published:2018-03-12 Published online:2017-12-01
  • Contact: Ya-Li ZHAO,Chao-Hai LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300106), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-17), and the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201503117).

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摘要：

针对近年来黄淮南部气候条件和耕作制度变化, 2015—2016年在河南农业大学科教园区以该区主推品种郑单958为材料, 采用分期播种方法, 研究玉米产量对气候生态条件的响应, 探讨气候因子与玉米产量的关系。结果表明, 由于年际间、播期间气候因子的差异, 玉米产量差异显著, 大体表现为春播产量高于夏播, 且夏播产量随播种时间的推迟而显著降低。随着播期的推迟, 玉米苗期日均温逐渐升高, 粒期日均温逐渐降低, 有效积温减少, 生育期缩短。试验设定密度下, 百粒重对产量的贡献大于穗粒数, 而影响百粒重和穗粒数的主要气候因子是全生育期有效积温和粒期有效积温。影响玉米产量的主要气候因子是苗期气温日较差(r = 0.696*)和日均温(r = -0.638*)、粒期有效积温(r = 0.822**)和日均温(r = 0.723**)、生育期有效积温(r = 0.843**)。因此, 生产上, 春播玉米播期由传统的4月15日左右推迟至5月1日左右, 可减少花期阴雨和高温热害影响, 表现出较好的丰产稳产性。夏播玉米在麦收后抢时早播, 不仅可争取更多积温, 还可使玉米苗期处于较低日均温、粒期处于较高日均温的有利温度条件下, 同时为推迟收获期和机械粒收创造条件。

关键词: 玉米, 播期, 产量, 气候因子

Abstract:

In view of the changes of climatic condition and farming system in recent years, a field experiment during growing season 2015-2016 was conducted to study the responses of maize yield to ecological condition, and discuss the effects of climatic factors on maize yield under condition of different sowing dates on the south Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers plain. A main maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 was sown at seven sowing dates (S1: 15 April; S2: 30 April; S3: 15 May; S4: 30 May; S5: 14 June; S6: 29 June; S7: 14 July). There was significant difference in maize yield because of the different climatic conditions between years and between conditions of sowing dates. The yield of spring-sowing maize was significantly higher than that of summer-sowing maize, which deceased significantly with postponing sowing date. With postponing maize sowing date, the average daily temperature during seeding stage increased, the average daily temperature from anthesis to maturity and growing degree-days during whole growth period decreased, and the growth period of maize shortened gradually. At the density of 67 500 plants ha-1,100-grain weight made more contribution to yield than grain number per ear. The main climatic factors affecting 100-grain weight and grain number per ear were growing degree-days during whole growth period, especially from anthesis to maturity stage. The main climatic factors affecting maize yield were the average daily temperature range (r = 0.696**) and average daily temperature (r= -0.638*) at seedling stage, the growing degree-days (r = 0.822**) and average daily temperature (r = 0.723**) from anthesis to maturity stage, and the growing degree-days during whole growth period (r = 0.843**). Therefore, the sowing date of the spring-sowing maize can be postponed from the midmonth of April to May 1st, which can achieve high and stable grain yield because of decreasing the harmful effects of cloudy and rainy at flowering and high temperature heat damage. For summer maize, the suitable sowing date should be as early as possible after wheat harvest. The early sowing date of summer maize not only increase growing degree-days, but create suitable temperature condition that the average daily temperature is low during seedling stage and high from anthesis to maturity stage, and provide suitable condition for delaying harvest and facilitating mechanical grain-harvest.

Key words: maize, sowing date, yield, climatic factors

图1

2015年和2016年玉米生育期日均温度和有效降水量 ADT: 日均温度; DEP: 有效降水量."

图2

2015年和2016年不同播期玉米生育进程 SS: 苗期; SFS: 穗期; AMS: 粒期; S1(4/15)、S2(4/30)、S3(5/15)、S4(5/30)、S5(6/14)、S6(6/29)、S7(7/14)分别表示第1至第7播期。"

表1

1970-1979、2005-2016年4月至10月的气候条件"

因素
Factor		 年份
Year		 月份Month 总计
Total		 均值
Average
Apr. May Jun. Jul. Ang. Sept. Oct.
日照时数
DSD (h)		 1970-1979 194.9 245.6 254.9 221.5 217.7 189.7 201.5 1525.8
2005-2014 200.1 207.1 192.0 140.1 151.2 118.5 141.7 1150.6
2015 202.9 202.4 131.7 195.9 148.4 142.2 159.9 1183.4
2016 168.9 204.2 227.9 189.4 151.0 164.1 107.5 1213.0
有效积温
GDD (°C d)		 1970-1979 190.5 328.4 468.6 528.2 500.3 335.6 196.5 2548.0
2005-2014 226.7 393.7 516.7 562.9 517.7 356.4 240.4 2814.5
2015 205.8 373.8 492.0 552.0 531.8 376.6 242.1 2774.0
2016 255.7 375.0 511.6 585.8 558.3 439.0 215.6 2940.9
日均温
ADT (°C)		 1970-1979 15.2 20.8 25.9 26.9 25.6 20.7 15.0 21.5
2005-2014 17.0 22.9 27.4 27.9 26.4 21.5 17.0 22.9
2015 16.2 22.3 26.4 28.0 26.8 22.3 17.2 22.7
2016 18.6 22.1 27.0 28.9 27.6 24.4 16.6 23.6
气温日较差
ADTR (°C)		 1970-1979 12.5 13.1 12.6 9.2 9.0 10.6 11.8 11.3
2005-2014 11.7 10.8 10.7 8.2 8.0 8.7 10.1 9.7
2015 11.0 10.0 9.2 9.3 8.9 9.3 10.7 9.8
2016 10.5 10.0 10.6 7.7 7.8 9.5 7.0 9.0
降水量
EP (mm)		 1970-1979 60.0 34.3 63.0 203.0 90.4 86.8 44.1 581.7
2005-2014 41.4 52.9 41.8 139.0 145.9 107.0 17.8 545.9
2015 79.1 82.3 108.2 83.7 142.6 19.8 63.7 579.4
2016 42.4 57.2 125.1 243.7 95.0 62.9 116.8 743.1

表2

年际间不同播期对玉米产量的方差分析"

变异来源
Source		 平方和
SS		 自由度
df		 均方
MS		 F值
F-value
年份Year 6010968.9 1 6010968.9 210.4**
播期SD 86876003.7 6 14479334.0 506.9**
年份×播期Year×SD 5386855.8 6 897809.3 31.4**

图3

不同播期玉米产量及产量构成因素柱上不同字母表示不同处理差异在0.05水平显著; S1(4/15)、S2(4/30)、S3(5/15)、S4(5/30)、S5(6/14)、S6(6/29)、S7(7/14)分别表示第1至第7播期。"

表3

1970-2016年黄淮南部主要气象灾害发生概率"

气象灾害
Meteorological disasters		 日期Date (month/day)
6/21-6/30 7/1-7/10 7/11-7/20 7/21-7/30 8/1-8/10
高温热害 Heat injury 6.4 0 4.3 12.8 2.1
花期阴雨 Precipitation 10.6 17.0 17.0 10.6 14.9

表4

不同播期玉米全生育期气候因子"

播期
Sowing date		 气候因子Climatic factors
日照时数
DSD (h)		 有效积温
GDD (°C d)		 日均温
ADT (°C)		 气温日较差
ADTR (°C)		 降水量
EP (mm)
S1 平均Mean 747.4 1841.4 25.2 9.5 419.2
CV (%) 5.5 0.3 0.6 1.5 28.4
S2 平均Mean 676.6 1840.7 26.2 9.8 443.2
CV (%) 7.8 0.1 1.1 6.5 35.9
S3 平均Mean 650.6 1860.4 26.8 9.1 419.1
CV (%) 6.7 0.5 1.6 2.3 25.6
S4 平均Mean 620.5 1839.2 27.6 9.2 414.5
CV (%) 8.4 2.7 0.8 1.5 22.0
S5 平均Mean 584.9 1760.8 26.7 9.0 408.2
CV (%) 13.6 3.5 5.3 0.0 18.9
S6 平均Mean 585.5 1682.4 25.5 9.0 347.7
CV (%) 3.0 3.3 3.9 10.3 25.1
S7 平均Mean 521.1 1480.6 24.6 9.0 289.8
CV (%) 2.1 3.1 4.0 8.7 6.9

表5

不同播期玉米各剩余阶段的气候因子变化"

表6

不同年份10月份各旬日均温比较"

年份
Year		 旬序Order of a period of ten days
上旬 First ten days (°C) 中旬 Middle ten days (°C) 下旬 Last ten days (°C)
1970-1979 16.7 15.8 12.9
2005-2014 19.2 17.4 14.7
2015 19.6 19.0 13.4
2016 25.0 22.0 15.0

表7

气候因子与玉米产量及产量构成的相关分析"

生育阶段
Growth stage		 气候因子
Climatic factors		 穗粒数
Grain number per ear		 百粒重
Grain weight		 产量
Yield
全生育期
Whole growing period		 日照时数DSD 0.523 0.550* 0.604*
有效积温GDD 0.706** 0.780** 0.843**
日均温ADT 0.249 0.364 0.388
日较差ADTR 0.565* 0.530 0.466
降水量EP 0.173 0.232 0.324
苗期
SS		 日照时数DSD 0.549* 0.558* 0.563*
有效积温GDD -0.044 0.055 -0.063
日均温ADT -0.612* -0.573* -0.638*
日较差ADTR 0.654* 0.741** 0.696**
降水量EP -0.586* -0.582* -0.521
穗期
SFS		 日照时数DSD 0.034 0.033 0.147
有效积温GDD -0.333 -0.376 -0.241
日均温ADT -0.512 -0.430 -0.368
日较差ADTR 0.441 0.398 0.406
降水量EP 0.090 0.183 0.120
粒期
AMS		 日照时数DSD 0.565* 0.618* 0.615*
有效积温GDD 0.711** 0.761** 0.822**
日均温ADT 0.612* 0.656* 0.723**
日较差ADTR -0.235 -0.237 -0.337
降水量EP 0.425 0.430 0.519
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