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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (12): 1782-1792.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01782

• 专题: 玉米籽粒脱水与机械收获研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

玉米生理成熟后倒伏变化及其影响因素

薛军1,王群2,李璐璐1,张万旭2,谢瑞芝1,王克如1,明博1,侯鹏1,李少昆1,*()   

  1. 1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京100081
    2石河子大学农学院, 新疆石河子 832000
  • 收稿日期:2018-02-06 接受日期:2018-07-20 出版日期:2018-12-12 网络出版日期:2018-08-03
  • 通讯作者: 李少昆
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300101);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300110);国家自然科学基金项(31371575);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-25);中国农业科学院农业科技创新工程资助

Changes of Maize Lodging after Physiological Maturity and Its Influencing Factors

Jun XUE1,Qun WANG2,Lu-Lu LI1,Wan-Xu ZHANG2,Rui-Zhi XIE1,Ke-Ru WANG1,Bo MING1,Peng HOU1,Shao-Kun LI1,*()   

  1. 1 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
    2 College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2018-02-06 Accepted:2018-07-20 Published:2018-12-12 Published online:2018-08-03
  • Contact: Shao-Kun LI
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300101);This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300110);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371575);the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-25);the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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摘要：

针对机械粒收玉米生理成熟后田间站秆脱水期间的倒伏问题, 本研究通过多点试验调查夏玉米和春玉米生理成熟后倒伏发生类型和规律, 分析影响玉米生理成熟后倒伏发生的关键因素。结果表明, 玉米生理成熟后, 茎折率升高是倒伏增加的主要原因; 茎折率随抗折力降低而升高, 抗折断力降低至14.3 N时, 茎折率超过5%; 植株重心高度逐渐降低, 茎秆基部第3节间穿刺强度(RPS)、第4节间压碎强度(CS)、第5节间弯曲强度(BS)均逐渐降低, 基部节间单位长度干重(DWUL)和含水率也逐渐降低; 茎秆抗折断力与RPS、CS、BS、DWUL和含水率均呈极显著正相关, RPS、CS和BS均与DWUL和含水率呈极显著正相关。本研究表明, 玉米生理成熟后植株自然衰老导致的茎秆干物质降低和水分含量下降, 是茎秆机械强度降低、茎折率增加的主要原因。因此应适期收获, 避免田间站秆时间过长引起倒伏率增加导致的收获产量损失。

关键词: 玉米, 倒伏, 生理成熟, 茎秆强度, 干重, 含水率

Abstract:

In view of the lodging problem during grain dehydration after physiological maturity in maize mechanical grain harvest, multi-sites experiments were conducted to investigate the lodging type and law and their influencing factors in summer maize and spring maize after physiological maturity. The increase of stalk lodging rate was the major reason for total lodging rate increase after physiological maturity. The stalk lodging rate increased as breaking force decreased. The stalk lodging rate was more than 5% when breaking force decreased to 14.3 N. All of height of gravity center, rind penetration strength (RPS) of the third internode, crushing strength (CS) of the fourth internode, and bending strength (BS) of the fifth internode gradually decreased after physiological maturity. Both dry weight per unit length (DWUL) and moisture content of the basal internode also gradually decreased. Stalk breaking force was significantly positively correlated with RPS, CS, BS, DWUL, and moisture content of the basal internode. RPS, CS, BS were significantly positively correlated with DWUL and moisture content. This study showed that natural senescence of maize after physiological maturity decreases the dry matter and moisture content, resulting in the decrease of stalk mechanical strength, and the increase of stalk lodging. The ability of stalk continuous standing after physiological maturity should be used as one of the important indices to measure which maize cultivar is fit for mechanical grain harvest. Harvesting at optimal time could prevent lodging after physiological maturity and reduce grain loss in mechanical grain harvest.

Key words: maize, lodging, physiological maturity, stalk strength, dry weight, moisture content

表1

供试品种"

表2

不同玉米品种生理成熟后倒伏率"

品种
Cultivar		 总倒伏率 Total lodging rate (%) 茎折率 Stalk lodging rate (%) 根倒率 Root lodging rate (%)
Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6
辽单586 Liaodan 586 1.7 11.3 12.1 12.5 1.7 11.3 12.1 12.1 0 0 0 0.4
辽单585 Liaodan 585 0 1.3 2.9 4.8 0 0.4 2.0 3.9 0 0.9 0.9 0.9
辽单575 Liaodan 575 2.3 5.6 23.0 23.2 1.2 1.6 19.1 19.3 1.1 4.0 4.0 4.0
MC 670 0 0.5 3.9 5.6 0 0.5 3.9 5.6 0 0 0 0
恒育898 Hengyu 898 0.5 1.2 2.2 2.2 0.5 1.2 2.2 2.2 0 0 0 0
宇玉30 Yuyu 30 4.6 7.5 10.6 15.7 0.7 2.2 3.0 8.1 4.0 5.3 7.6 7.6
裕丰303 Yufeng 303 25.3 28.0 37.9 37.9 1.2 1.2 7.0 7.0 24.1 26.8 30.9 30.9
联创808 Lianchuang 808 4.8 28.1 82.8 86.9 0 1.4 4.8 7.3 4.8 26.7 78.0 79.5
品种
Cultivar		 总倒伏率 Total lodging rate (%) 茎折率 Stalk lodging rate (%) 根倒率 Root lodging rate (%)
Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6 Oct. 27 Nov. 10 Nov. 25 Dec. 6
联创825 Lianchuang 825 47.8 63.1 71.1 71.1 0 0 0 0 47.8 63.1 71.1 71.1
利单295 Lidan 295 1.9 3.4 18.3 24.4 0.6 1.9 15.5 21.6 1.3 1.5 2.8 2.8
LA 505 1.0 2.6 5.3 11.4 0 1.5 3.9 5.2 1.0 1.0 1.4 6.3
北斗309 Beidou 309 8.2 11.9 32.6 33.5 1.7 4.5 23.9 24.7 6.4 7.4 8.8 8.8
豫单9953 Yudan 9953 3.5 3.5 7.5 25.7 0 0 2.1 17.3 3.5 3.5 5.4 8.5
新单58 Xindan 58 4.6 6.1 10.6 20.8 0.4 0.5 4.0 14.2 4.3 5.6 6.6 6.6
新单65 Xindan 65 0 0 1.0 11.5 0 0 1.0 6.2 0 0 0 5.3
新单68 Xindan 68 0 0.7 2.5 50.6 0 0.7 2.5 50.6 0 0 0 0
农华5号 Nonghua 5 74.6 74.8 80.9 80.9 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 74.3 74.3 80.1 80.1
农华816 Nonghua 816 7.0 7.6 18.0 20.6 0.8 1.4 11.7 13.7 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.9
迪卡517 Dika 517 0.4 1.0 7.7 8.2 0.4 1.0 7.7 8.2 0 0 0 0
迪卡653 Dika 653 0.4 0.4 2.9 2.9 0 0 2.5 2.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
陕单636 Shaandan 636 0.7 4.2 6.3 22.2 0.7 0.9 1.4 16.9 0 3.3 5.0 5.2
陕单650 Shaandan 650 3.8 4.5 10.2 12.1 0 0.3 4.9 6.7 3.8 4.2 5.3 5.3
泽玉501 Zeyu 501 0.8 1.7 2.9 4.5 0.6 0.8 2.0 3.6 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.9
泽玉8911 Zeyu 8911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
吉单66 Jidan 66 2.4 3.8 15.0 16.5 2.1 2.4 13.6 15.1 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
东单913 Dongdan 913 1.4 2.7 5.5 8.7 0 0 2.5 5.7 1.4 2.7 3.0 3.0
金通152 Jintong 152 2.2 5.6 51.7 54.9 0 1.6 43.7 45.2 2.2 4.0 8.0 9.6
中科玉505 Zhongkeyu 505 72.3 83.8 84.4 90.1 3 0.4 0.8 6.2 72.0 83.4 83.6 83.9
平均值 Average 9.7 b 13.0 ab 21.8 ab 27.1 a 0.5 c 1.4 c 7.1 b 11.8 a 9.3 a 11.7 a 14.7 a 15.3 a
最大值 Maximum 74.6 83.8 84.4 90.1 2.1 11.3 43.7 50.6 74.3 83.4 83.6 83.9
最小值 Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
变异系数 CV (%) 210.4 174.9 123.8 98.4 130.1 159.3 132.8 103.3 221.4 197.6 184.6 176.4

图1

玉米生理成熟后茎秆抗折断力变化 图A为新乡夏玉米,图B为奇台春玉米。箱线图(图A)中箱体部分代表50%样本的分布区域,即四分位区间(IQR)。两端线为Tukey法判定的合理观测样本边界。箱体中实线为样本中位数,虚线为样本均值,空心点表示异常值。图B中数据为同一样点、不同取样期所有参试品种的均值。图中不同小写字母分别表示同一样点不同取样期在0.05 水平下的差异显著。"

表3

玉米茎秆不同节间折断比例"

玉米季
Maize season		 试验地点
Experimental site		 占总折断率的比例 Percentage in total stalk broken rate (%)
第2节
Second internode		 第3节
Third internode		 第4节
Fourth internode		 第5节
Fifth internode		 其他
Others
夏玉米
Summer maize		 河南新乡
Xinxiang, Henan		 18.6 42.9 24.1 7.8 6.1
春玉米
Spring maize		 新疆奇台
Qitai, Xinjiang		 17.0 30.4 27.4 15.6 9.6

图2

玉米茎秆力学强度与茎折率之间的关系 **表示0.01 水平上相关显著。"

图3

玉米生理成熟后重心高度变化 图中不同小写字母分别表示不同取样期在0.05 水平下的差异显著。"

图4

玉米生理成熟后茎秆基部节间力学强度的变化 图A、C、E 为河南新乡夏玉米, 图B、D、F 为新疆奇台春玉米; RPS: 穿刺强度; CS: 压碎强度; BS: 弯曲强度。图中不同小写字母分别表示同一样点不同取样期在0.05 水平下的差异显著。"

图5

玉米生理成熟后茎秆基部节间干物质变化 图A、C、E 为河南新乡夏玉米, 图B、D、F 为新疆奇台春玉米; DWUL, 单位长度干重。图中不同小写字母分别表示同一样点不同取样期在0.05 水平下的差异显著。"

图6

玉米生理成熟后茎秆基部节间含水率变化 图A、C、E 为河南新乡夏玉米, 图B、D、F 为新疆奇台春玉米。图中不同小写字母分别表示同一样点不同取样期在0.05 水平下的差异显著。"

表4

玉米生理成熟后茎秆抗折断力、基部节间力学强度、干物质积累及含水率相关性分析"

指标
Indicator		 抗折断力
Breaking force		 穿刺强度
Rind penetration strength		 压碎强度
Crushing strength		 弯曲强度
Bending strength
穿刺强度Rind penetration strength 0.6552**
压碎强度Crushing strength 0.6562** 0.7253**
弯曲强度Bending strength 0.7373** 0.5908** 0.6758**
单位长度干重 Dry weight per unit length 0.7356** 0.5432** 0.5836** 0.7311**
含水率Moisture content 0.5096** 0.4914** 0.4430** 0.5155**
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